The Empires of Persia Chapter 7. Achaemenid Empire.

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The Empires of Persia Chapter 7

Achaemenid Empire

I. The rise and fall of the Persian empires

The Medes and the Persians 2 closely related people: Medes & Persians (from C. Asia to Persia) Indo-European languages shared many cultural traits with Aryans equestrian skills expert archers Cyrus Cyrus the Achaemenid (reigned bce) aka “Cyrus the Shepherd” tough, wily leader & outstanding military strategist led first Persian Empire Cyrus’s Conquest 558 bce king of Persian tribes 553 bce rebellion against his Median overlord 548 bce all Iran under his control, conquered Babylon ruler of empire that stretched from India to borders of Egypt 530 bce mortally wounded from nomadic raiders Tomb of Cyrus at Pasargadae

Darius Cyrus’s empire expanded during the reign’s of his successors Cyrus’s son Camyses conquered Egypt Darius (reigned 521bce-486bce) extended both east & west largest empire the world had seen better administrator than conqueror ruled over 70 distinct ethnic groups communication w/all parts of their realm, created institutions that allowed them to tax and administer their territories Persepolis Darius centralized his administration Persepolis=new capital administrative center lavish halls, royal residences, well protected treasury advisors, ministers, diplomats, scribes, accountants, translators & bureaucratic officers Achaemenid Administration: The Satrapies central & local initiative governors were agents of central administration and oversaw affairs in the various regions 23 satrapies – districts governed by the satraps local officials filled other jobs below the satrap military and tax officers checked on the local power of the satraps “eyes and ears of the king”- conducted surprise audits of the provinces & collecting intelligence reports Ruins of Persepolis

Discussion Questions 1.In looking at both rulers, Cyrus and Darius, which one do you think was more successful and why? (2 pieces of evidence) 2.What do you think creates a strong empire? A strong military or strong gov’t?Why?(2 pieces of evidence)

Taxes, Coins, and Laws regularized tax levies and standardized laws replaced with tribute payments with formal tax levies had to pay a quantity of silver, horses and slaves issued standardized coins which fostered trade codified laws of the different subjects within the region Roads and Communication roads across the realm Persian Royal Roads-paved with stone stretched 1600 miles, took 90 days to travel this road organized courier service stations provided fresh horses & food pass info from one end of the road to the other in 2 weeks these roads also facilitated trade which integrate various regions into a larger economy Persian Roads

Discussion Questions 3. How do you think standardized coins, codified laws, roads and taxes create an efficient empire?

The Achaeminid Commonwealth roads and administrative machinery enabled them to govern a vast empire political stability led to public works qanat-underground canals led to enhanced agricultural production and population growth subject peoples and rulers undermined integrity of the Achaemenid empire Cyrus and Darius were both tolerant Xerxes (reigned 486bce-465bce) had a harder time with these people reputation for cruelty and insensitivity iron metallurgy spread The Persian Wars difficult time w/ethnic Greek subjects Ionian Greeks fell under Persian rule during the reign of Cyrus Greeks called the Persian “tyrants” Greek rebellion caused a series of wars called the Persian Wars 150 years of intermittent battle occurred between the Persian and Greeks Alexander of Macedon Invades Persia in 334bce Military had heavier arms, more sophisticated tactics Battle of Gaugamela- one year defeated the Persian army and took over the Achaemenid empire Alexander acted like the legitimate successor and kept many aspects of the Achaeminid empire (ex. Administrative structure) Silver Coin of Alexander of Macedon

Discussion Questions 4. Alexander the Great was a foreign ruler in the Persian empire. Why do you think he was so successful?

The Seleucids Alexander dies, internal conflict a new leader, Seleucus (reigned bce), commander of elite guard corps kept many Achaeminid concepts: administration, taxation, imperial roads, & postal service Seleucids founded new cities, attracted Greek colonists Satraps revolted against the foreign Seleucids created power bases to oppose the Seleucids Seleucids lost control in N India to the seminomadic Parthians. The Parthians maintained customs and traditions of the steppes people of C Asia no centralized gov’t but a federation of leaders, got together to organize policy. skillful warriors effective means to resist nomadic invasions Parthian Conquests Mithradates I is the greatest conqueror Transforms state to a mighty empire Parthian Government enemies of Seleucids, restores Persian traditions followed Achaemenids in structuring their empire responsibility and authority to clan leaders, served as satraps, built independent bases of power internal pressure by satraps and Romans contributed to the weakening of the Parthians 3 rd century ce the empire declines

The Sasanids Claimed direct descent from the Achaemenids. Conquered the Parthians and brought back much of the Achaemenid empire. Restarted administration and cities. Leader Shapur I defeated several Roman armies Constructed roads and dams. After Shapur I, Sasanids came in conflict with bordering peoples (Kushan, Roman, Byzantine) This weakens the empire and ends with an attack by Arab warriors that brought the empire into their Islamic empire. The Islamic empire adopted many of their administrative techniques.

Discussion Questions 5. Create a multi-Venn diagram comparing and contrasting the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanids.

IMPERIAL SOCIETY & ECONOMY

Imperial Bureaucrats new educated bureaucrats undermine old warrior elite shared power with warrior elite and clan leaders translators Free Classes artisans, merchants, craftsmen, low ranking civil servatns peasants who owned land, landless cultivators who worked on property owned the state or temples. right to marry and move as they wish qanat (underground canals) - move water w/o losing large quantities to evaporation Slaves two routes: prisoner of war, civilians who rebelled or those who accumulated debt, could not marry often worked state projects Persian Qanats

Agricultural Production a. Barley and wheat Standardized Coins Encouraged economic development and trade trade benefited from standardized coins coins were precisely measured metal and guaranteed their value coins were popular and drew merchants from distant lands banks and companies invested in commercial ventures Trade Long distance trade grew rapidly linked lands from India to Egypt in a commercial zone each region contributed particular products long distance trade became popular Alexander of Macedon and the Seleucids

Zarathustra priest who became disenchanted with traditional religion and bloody sacrifices convinced there was a supreme god called Ahura Mazda claimed as a prophet The Gathas Hymns he composed in honor of various deities he recognized Zoroastrian Teachings Ahura Mazda=supreme deity, eternal, beneficent creator of all good things Angra Mainyu=destructive spirit or hostile spirit Ahura Mazda & Angra Mainyu are adversaries. Forces of good would prevail against evil and evil would disappear. Human souls undergo judgment and experience rewards or punishment according to the holiness of their thoughts, words and deeds Popularity of Zoroastrianism did not ask to renounce material things in the world in to reach heaven material world a blessing moral teachings allowed people to enjoy the fruits of the earth moral teachings as “good faith, good works, good deeds” Darius (emperor) associated himself with Ahura Mazda and claimed divine sanction for their rule

Discussion Questions 6. Why do you think Zoroastrianism was popular? (2 pieces of evidence)

Officially Sponsored Zoroastrianism Sasanid dynasty revived Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism faced difficulties when Islamic conquerors took over the Sasanid empire The Muslims place political and financial difficulty on the temples and magi Other Faiths Jewish communities existed Manichaeism Influence of Zoroastrianism left its mark on other religions of salvations the ideas that developed: omnipotent deity, evil against the creator, good will prevail, high moral standards, humans undergo judgment

Discussion Questions 7. Knowing what you know now about Zoroastrianism do you think that Christianity is an original religion or do you think it took parts of that religion? Why or Why not?