S O D I U M a n d C H L O R I D E C H A N N E L S 2  :2  :1   aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor/channel ligand gated Cl - channel EtOH is an agonist (CNS depressant)

M U S C L E Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) frame shift mutation  no dystrophin is synthesized and DMD, a very severe form of the disease, results Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) If the deletion simply removes certain exons, a shortened protein results that produces BMD, a milder form of the disease Dystrophin staining Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Normal Muscle Western blot of dystrophin from dystrophinopathies Lane 1: Becker dystrophy Lane 2: Becker dystrophy Lane 3: Normal Lane 4: Duchenne dystrophy

T H E N E U R O M U S C U L A R J U N C T I O N

A X O N S - D E S I G N A N D D I S E A S E myelin increases resistance and decreases capacitance decreases signal attenuation node of Ranvier decreased capacitance means less charge transfer required to change membrane potential and faster APs

A X O N S - D E S I G N A N D D I S E A S E squid giant axon ~ 1mm and conducts at 20m/sec

S o d i u m a n d S o d i u m C h a n n e l s tetrodotoxin Why don’t the puffer fish die from their own toxin?

N E U R O D E G E N E R A T I O N  -sectetase: non-pathologic protein  and  secretase: A  plaque forming protein

N E U R O L O G I C A L S U R G E R Y

T H E N E U R O M U S C U L A R J U N C T I O N botox structure and mechanism of action Can antisera help an active infection?

JACK KEVORKIAN DR. DEATH “When society reaches the age of enlightenment, then they’ll call me Dr. Life” Narcotic plus a lethal dose of KCl Assisted 130 people over 10 years to kill themselves P o t a s s i u m a n d M e m b r a n e P u m p s

NERNST EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL IV 100 mg/Kg is a lethal dose DEATH BY DEPOLARIZATION P o t a s s i u m a n d M e m b r a n e P u m p s

T H E A U T O N O M I C N E R V O U S S Y S T E M