LIS512 lecture 2: FRBR

reading International Federation of Library Association “Fundamental Requirements for Bibliographic Records”, revised 2008 The version I used is on the course resource page rses/lis512 under the external_doc folder. You don’t need to read the 142 pages. Just refer to it to potentially clarify what I discuss here.

not looked at here Some of the content relates to tasks that a user will perform on a retrieval system. Thus there is some “modelling” of what a user does. This part is off-topic for us since it deals with information retrieval.

step 1 Step 1: What do we describe in the bibliographic universe? What are the things that are of interest to bibliographic data? What we describe is called an entity by FRBR. In fact it is an entity set. The vocabulary is wrong but it is convenient. Example entities are “work” and “event”.

step 2 Once we know what entities we describe we can do two things. The order of the two does not matter. The two are 1: For each entity, what about it do we describe? Example: title of a work, start time and end time of an event. 2: What are relationships between entities? Example: a work “is about” an event. --see next two slides--

attributes to entities Once we know what entity we are describing, we can define what we want to describe about it. The data elements we enter information about are called attributes. For example if the entity is a course, it could be the title of the course, the course number, etc…

relationship between entities If I have two entities, I can define relationships between them. Say if I have a course entity, and a person entity, I can define a relationship that a person is a student in a course, or a person is an instructor for a course. Entities and relationships form an entity- relationship model.

entity groups FRBR groups entities into groups. The groups are numbered Group 1: work, expression, manifestation, item Group 2: person, corporate body Group 3: concept, object, event, place

group 1: work The work is a distinct artistic and intellectual creation. It is an abstract entity. It is difficult to precisely define what a work is. Borders of works may be culturally diverse. Examples: Shakespeare’s Hamlet Bruckner’s fifth symphony Homer’s Iliad

group 1: expression An expression is an intellectual or artistic realization of the work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical or chorographical notation, regardless of physical form that would not alter the contents. Examples: the original text of Hamlet a version of Bruckner’s fifth symphony a Russian translation of the Iliad

group 1: manifestation The manifestation is the particular physical form of the expression a recorded performance of Hamlet a published score of a version of the fifth symphony of Bruckner a translation of the Iliad published in Russian Difference between manifestations depend on physical form and intellectual contents.

group 1: item This is a single physical copy of the manifestation a DVD of a particular performance of Hamlet a physical copy of a score of a version of Bruckner's fifth symphony a copy of the Russian translation of the Iliad on a web site.

group 2: person A person is an individual person. It does not matter whether they are alive or not. The main interest in persons is with their relationship with the work.

group 2: corporate body A corporate “Corporate Body” is a group of persons, an organization, or a group of organizations acting as a unit. Usually the group has to have a name, even though they may have gathered only once for, say, a meeting. Whether a corporate body is defunct or not does not matter.

group 3: concept A concept is an abstract notion or idea. The concept does not need to be precise. Bibliographic records are interested in concepts because they may be the subject of a work.

group 3: object An object is a material thing. Whether the object actually exists is not of concern. We are interested in objects because they can be the subjects of works. Example in the FRBR document: Apollo 11

group 3: place A place is a geographical location. The place includes geographical location, be they terrestrial or not, and geo-political jurisdictions e.g. the Holy See.

group 3: event An event is an action or occurrence. The entity defined as an event encompasses a comprehensive range of actions and occurrences that may be the subject of a work: historical events, epochs, periods of time, etc.

aggregate entities Many entities can be aggregates of other entities. The USA (place) has 50 states, each of them entities of type place. The Torah (work) has five books. Each is of type work.

attributes of a work title form date (of creation) other distinguishing characteristics (enabling distinction from other works with same title) intended termination intended audience context

attributes of a work context (at creation time) [for musical works] – medium of performance – numeric designation – key [for cartographical works] – coordinates – equinox

attributes of an expression title form date language other distinguishing characteristic extensibility revisability

attributes of an expression extent summarization of content context critical response use restrictions

attributes of expressions [for a serial expression] – sequencing pattern – expected regularity of issue – expected frequency of issue [for musical expressions] – type of score – medium of performance

attributes of expression [for cartographic images or objects] – scale – projection – presentation technique – representation of relief – geodetic, grid, and vertical measurement

attributes of expressions for images – recording technique – special characteristics – technique

attributes of a manifestation title statement of responsibility edition/issue designation place of publication/distribution publisher/distributor date of publication/distribution fabricator/manufacturer series statement

attributes of a manifestation form of carrier extent of the carrier physical medium capture mode dimensions of the carrier manifestation identifier

attributes of a manifestation source for acquisition/access authorization terms of availability access restrictions [for printed books] – typeface – type size [for hand-printed books] – foliation – collation

attributes of a manifestation [for sound recordings] – playing speed – groove width – kind of cutting – tape configuration – kind of sound – special reproduction characteristic

attributes of a manifestation [for serials] – publication status – numbering [for microfilm and visual projections] – color – reduction ratio – polarity – generation – presentation format

attributes of a manifestation [for electronic resources] – system requirements – file characteristics [for remote electronic resources] – mode of access – access address

attributes of an item item identifier fingerprint provenance marks/inscriptions exhibition history condition treatment history scheduled treatment access restrictions

attributes of a person name of the person e.g. “P.D.Q. Bach” dates of the person e.g. “1742 to 1817” title of the person e.g. “very reverend” other designation associated with the person e.g. “junior”

attributes of a corporate body name of the corporate body number associated with the corporate body place associated with the corporate body date associated with the corporate body other designations associated with the corporate body

attributes of concept / object / place / event These three entities each just have one single, the “term”. The term for the concept / object / place / event is the word, phrase, or group of characters used to name or designate the concept / object / place / event.

primary relationships in group 1 A work “is realized through” an expression. An expression “is a realization” of a work. An expression “embodied in” a manifestation. A manifestation “is an embodiment” of an expression. A manifestation “is exemplified by” an item. An item “exemplifies” a manifestation.

group 1 to group 2 relationships A work “is created by” a person or corporate body (P/CB). An expression “is realized by” a P/CB. A manifestation “is produced by” a P/CB An item “is owned by” a P/CB

subject relationships any entity in group one can have a subject relationship with any entity, be it in group 1, 2 or 3. A work can be about – another work – a person – a place / event etc…

relationships within group 1 Relationships within group one are a bit more difficult. Whole to part relationships hold for all entities in group one and they are easy to understand.

work to work relationships is a successor to | has a successor supplements | has a supplement complements | has a complement has a summary | is a summary of has an adaption | is an adaptation of has a transformation | is a transformation of imitation | is an imitation of has part | is a part of

expression to expression relationships, same work has an abridgement | is an abridgement of has a revision | is a revision of has a translation | is a translation of [for musical works] – has a transcription | is a transcription of – has an arrangement | is an arrangement of

expression to expression, different work has a successor | is a successor to has a supplement | supplements has a complement | complements has a summary | is a summary of has an adaptation | is an adaptation of has a transformation | is a transformation of has an imitation | is an imitation of

expression (of different work) to work Such relationships are used when we have a relationship between expressions, but we are not sure what expression of the work we are looking at. an expression “has a successor” in a work an expression “is a successor to” a work an expression “has a supplement” in a work an expression “supplements” a work

expression (of different work) to work an expression “has a complement” in a work an expression “complements” a work an expression “has a summary” in a work an expression “is a summary” of a work an expression “has an adaptation” in a work an expression “is an adaptation” of a work an expression “has a transformation” of a work an expression “is a transformation of” a work an expression “has an imitation” in a work an expression “is an imitation of” a work

manifestation to manifestation relationships These hold for manifestations of the same expression has a reproduction | is a reproduction of has an alternate | is an alternate to is part of | has part

manifestation to item a manifestation “has a reproduction” in an item an item “is a reproduction” of a manifestation

item to item (same manifestation) has reconfiguration | is a reconfiguration of has reproduction | is a reproduction of is part of | has part