Ethical and Legal Issues in Educational Technology Professional Educator Diploma Graduate School of Education – American University in Cairo (AUC) Spring 2012

This class aims to introduce:  Ethical and Legal Issues in Technology Use: Fair Use of Technology:  Privacy  Copyright & Intellectual property  Fair Use Guidelines for Multimedia  Copyright guidelines for teachers and students Objectives:

Privacy: Fair Use of Technology key technology trends have heightened the ethical stresses for individuals’ privacy on existing social arrangements and laws:  Advances in data storage techniques have enabled for the multiplying databases on individuals maintained by private and public organizations - making the violation of individual privacy both cheap and effective.  Advances in data analysis techniques enable companies and government agencies use profiling to determine detailed information about individual's habits and tastes and create dossiers of detailed information.  Advances in networking reduce the costs of moving and accessing data, permitting privacy invasions on a vast scale. Ghada R. El Said, PhD,

 Privacy is the claim of individuals to be left alone. The Internet poses new challenges to the protection of individual privacy because information can easily be monitored, captured, and stored as it passes through its network of computer systems.  Companies can record a user's on-line activities, such as what files were accessed or which Web sites were visited. Web sites can learn the identity of their visitors if the visitors voluntarily register at the site or they can capture information about visitors without their knowledge using "cookie" technology.  Cookies are tiny files deposited on a computer hard drive when a user visits certain Web sites that track visits to the Web site. Some companies use Web bugs, which are tiny graphic files embedded into messages and Web pages to monitor who is reading the message or Web page. Fair Use of Technology Ghada R. El Said, PhD, Privacy:

 Some e-commerce sites add opt-out selection boxes to their privacy statement, which, when accepted by a visitor, permit the collection of personal information. Privacy advocates promote the wider use of an opt-in model of informed consent in which businesses are prohibited from collecting information unless specifically allowed by the consumer.  Spyware is small applications that can secretly install itself on an Internet user's computer by piggybacking on larger applications. Once installed, the spyware calls out to Web sites to send banner ads and other unsolicited material to the user, and it can also report the user's movements on the Internet to other computers.  New technologies are available to protect user privacy during interactions with Web sites, including encrypting , anonymizing Web surfing, preventing cookies, and eliminating spyware. The Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P) is a standard for communicating a Web site's privacy policy to Internet users to help them select the level of privacy they wish to maintain when interacting with the Web site. Ghada R. El Said, PhD, Privacy: Fair Use of Technology

Copyright and Intellectual property:  Intellectual Property : Contemporary information systems have severely challenged existing law and social practices protecting Intellectual Property which is the intangible property created by individuals or corporations that is subject to protections under trade secret, copyright, and patent law.  Copyright: Protects creators of intellectual property against copying by others for a the life of the author plus an additional 70 years, or for a total of 95 years for corporate copyrights. Copyright protects against copying of entire software programs or their parts. However, the ideas behind a work are not protected, only their manifestation in a work. A competitor can build new software that follows the same concepts without infringing on a copyright. Ghada R. El Said, PhD, Fair Use of Technology

 A Patent grants the owner an exclusive monopoly on the ideas behind the invention for 20 years. The key concepts in patent law are originality. Patent protection is that it grants a monopoly on the underlying concepts and ideas of software. The difficulty is passing stringent criteria for novelty and invention.  Illegal copying of software and music and video files is rampant worldwide. While protecting against copying of software program code, copyright protection can't prevent another person from using the underlying ideas behind a piece of software and developing software that follows the same concepts. The Internet makes it even easier to copy intellectual property and transmit it freely around the world. Ghada R. El Said, PhD, Copyright and Intellectual property: Fair Use of Technology

Ghada R. El Said, PhD, Fair Use Guidelines for Multimedia: Fair Use of Technology Text Up to 10% of a copyrighted work or 1000 words, whichever is less Poems - Entire poem if less than 250 words words or less if longer poem Video Up to 10% of a copyrighted work or 3 minutes, whichever is less Clip cannot be altered in any way Illustrations A photograph or illustration may be used in its entirety No more than 5 images of an artist's or photographer's work When using a collection, no more than 10% or no more than 15 images, whichever is less

Ghada R. El Said, PhD, Fair Use Guidelines for Multimedia: Fair Use of Technology Music Up to 10% of a copyrighted musical composition, but no more than 30 seconds Up to 10% of a body of sound recording, but no more than 30 seconds Any alterations cannot change the basic melody or the fundamental character of the work Numerical Data Sets Up to 10% or 2500 fields, whichever is less, from a copyrighted database or data table Internet Internet resources often combine both copyrighted and public domain sites; therefore care should be used in downloading any sites for use in multimedia presentations. Educators and students are advised to write for permission to use Copyrighted Internet resources and to be mindful of the copyright ramifications of including embedded additional links to that particular site.

Ghada R. El Said, PhD, Copyright Guidelines for Teachers and Students Fair Use of Technology Teachers and Students may use portions (as cited previously) of lawfully acquired copyrighted works in their academic multimedia projects, with proper credit and citations. They may retain them in personal portfolios as examples of their academic work. Teachers and students must credit sources, giving full bibliographic information when available. Teachers and students must display the copyright notice and copyright ownership information if this is shown in the original source. Copyright information for images may be shown in a separate bibliographic section unless the presentation is being used for distance learning. In this case, the information must be incorporated within the image itself (i.e. it must appear on the screen when the image is viewed). Fair use ends when the multimedia creator loses control of his product's use, such as when it is accessed by others over the Internet.

Ghada R. El Said, PhD, Copyright Guidelines for Teachers and Students Fair Use of Technology Copying and Distribution Limitations Do not post multimedia projects claiming fair use exemption on an unsecured web site No more than 2 copies of the original production may be made Only 1 may be placed on reserve for others to use for instructional purposes An additional copy may be made for preservation purposes, but may be used or copied only to replace a use copy that has been lost, damaged, or stolen If more than one person has created the multimedia presentation, each principal creator may retain only one copy