1 M. Popovic If You Build It, They Will Come 8GeV CW Linac: A Staged Approach Milorad Popovic, Fermilab June 26, 2012

The linac is segmented in three parts, based on output energy: 1GeV, 3GeV and 8GeV. It is located near the existing Fermilab Proton Source; each section can be used as soon as it is commissioned. The suggested sitting and segmentation allow for the construction to start immediately. Additional benefits come from the fact that the present linac (the oldest machine in the Fermilab complex) gets replaced. As a result, the Proton Source would preserve its functionally for many years in the future. A storage ring in the Fermilab Booster tunnel is used to accumulate 1-GeV beam from the ProjectX H- Linac. The ring is made out of permanent magnets, and its primary purpose is to accumulate beam for the Booster. The ability to chop bunch-by-bunch in the linac creates many opportunities to package beam for different users in the proposed storage ring. For example, the stored beam can be used for: Pulsed Spallation Source, for a muon-to-electron conversion experiment based on a 100-Hz FFAG ring (Prism/Prime), for a pulsed beam for Short Baseline Neutrino Experiments. These specially packaged beams can be used either directly or after acceleration in the Booster. CW Proton Linac on the Fermilab site Concept creates opportunities for substantial benefits and costs reductions for mu2e/g-2.

This Talk is Based on two Notes 3 M. Popovic A Concept: 8GeV CW Linac, Staged Approach Milorad Popovic (with lot of help from Chuck) The Linac is as defined on the official ProjectX Web Page (RFQ162MHz, HWR162MHz,…) A 1-GeV Accumulator Ring in the Booster Tunnel M. Popovic, B. C. Brown, D. Harding, T. Nicol, F. Ostiguy and J. Volk, Fermilab and C. Ankenbrandt, Muons, Inc.

ProjectX, TeV in-field Siting 4 M. Popovic New 400MeV Linac New Tunnel&Gallery~100m New 0.4-1GeV Linac Existing 400MeV Linac Tunnel & Gallery 3GeV CW Linac 3-8 GeV pulse Linac Experimental.Area Transfer Line

8 GeV Linac, New Siting 5 M. Popovic Transfer line toMI20,~500m Linac, 3-8GeV,~500m Linac, 1-3GeV,~200m Linac, 1GeV,~250m

Existing 400MeV linac is ~150 meters long + ~30 m Preacc Building 6 M. Popovic 3 GeV ProjectX, Energy & Length ProjectX 3 GeV Linac

Add 90 m to the existing Linac tunnel at the Low Energy End 7 M. Popovic New tunnel ~90m 1 -3 GeV Linac Inj. in MI30, 3-8 GeV Linac

Stage 1, 1 GeV Linac & Storage Ring 8 M. Popovic

1 GeV Linac 9 M. Popovic New 400MeV Linac New Tunnel&Gallery~100m New 0.4-1GeV Linac Existing 400MeV Linac Tunnel & Gallery

Booster Operation: from 0.4 to 1 GeV 10 M. Popovic At present, 400MeV H- beam from the linac is transported along a ~40 m transfer line to the Booster tunnel and ~5E12 protons are injected. Peak current is ~30mA and injection lasts for 12 Booster turns or 26 us (total injection time 12*2.2us). Present transfer line has two 12-degrees vertical bending magnets and two 10-degrees horizontal bending magnets. The bends should be replaced with weaker magnets to keep H- stripping at minimum (~5E-5) for beam at 1GeV. The bends have to have field ~0.35T and length of 2.8 meter. The rest of the transfer line can be used as is, with the exception of the injection system. The middle magnet of the injection system has to be run at 88% higher current or should be replaced with a 50% longer magnet. An other possibility is to use correctors for additional displacement and painting during injection.

~ 1GeV Staging 11 M. Popovic Preacc Building Build new ~400 MeV linac in new+Preacc enclosure Build a transfer line along present linac and inject in Booster Decommission the existing linac and extend new linac up to ~1 GeV in existing tunnels and galleries Add a Storage Ring in the Booster tunnel 90 m Addition

Direct 1GeV Injection in the Booster 12 M. Popovic The beam from new linac has a peak current of 5mA. An injection time longer then 180us will be required to inject more beam than we do today. To avoid a relative momentum swing exceeding 1E-4, the injection time should not exceed 240us. For a linac current of 5mA, this corresponds to 7.5E+12 protons injected in the Booster. This also insures that space charge tune shift will be half of the value that we have right now at Booster injection. This gives 150kW of beam power from Booster at 8GeV and from Main Injector, 0.5MW at 120GeV without slip staking. But 5mA for 250us may be problem for CW linac RF May be we would like to have more than 7E+12 protons from Booster ???

1-GeV Accumulator Ring in the Booster Tunnel 13 M. Popovic The ring is made out of permanent magnets, and its primary purpose is to accumulate beam for the Booster. The beam intended for the Booster is accumulated into stationary buckets at ~47 MHz (for 1GeV beam) during ~1 msec. (This is much simpler than trying to inject “on the fly” into the ramping Booster.) The beam is then transferred bucket to bucket in a one-turn extraction into the Booster. For the rest of the Booster cycle time of 66.7 msec, the permanent magnet ring can be used to accumulate and store beam for other purposes. The ability to chop bunch-by-bunch in the linac creates many opportunities to package beam for different users in the proposed storage ring. Examples: the stored beam can be used for a Pulsed Spallation Source, for a mu2e conversion experiment based on a 100-Hz FFAG ring (Prism/Prime), for a pulsed beam for Short Baseline Neutrino Experiments. These specially packaged beams can be used either directly or after acceleration in the Booster.

Storage Ring in Booster 14 M. Popovic MagnetlengthDipole(T)Grad(T/m)Sagitta (m) Width /Gap(m) D /0.065 F /0.065 ParameterXY Total length(m)24* =479.6 Tune24*0.214= *0.226=5.437 BetaMax(m) DispersionMax(m)4.660 GamaT4.419

J. Volk Preliminary Design of Magnet 15 M. Popovic

SectionFreq, MHzEnergy, MeVCav/mag/CM~Length of CM HWR – 10.88/8/15.26 m SSR – /8/24.76 m SSR – /20/47.77 m LB – /14/77.1 m HB – /19/ m SectionFreq, MHzEnergy, MeVCav/mag/CMLength of CM ILC / Pulsed /28/ m Energy 3 GeVTransport to RF Splitter Transport to Dump Transport to 8 GeV Transport to an Experimental Target 8 GeVTransport to Dump Transport to MI/RR Project X RF Segmentation

Two Stages to ~1 GeV 17 M. Popovic Stage 1. Build 400 MeV linac and 400 MeV Storage Ring Stage 2. Develop and Build HB650 modules up to 1.18 GeV Double number of permanent magnets to store 1.18GeV Beam Stage 1. Build 520 MeV linac and 520 MeV Storage Ring Stage 2. Develop and Build HB650 modules up to 1.5 GeV Double number of permanent magnets to store 1.5GeV Beam Or even better, use all LB650 modules

Why do Staging & why near Wilson Hall ? 18 M. Popovic Staging gives you: Beam to Booster as soon as 400 MeV is build More beam from Booster even at 400 MeV Reduce vulnerability from old linac Location gives you : No Need to move PXIE immediate use of new structure with only ~90 m of new tunnel Saving of about 150 m of tunnel and galleries Saving of new accumulation ring tunnel Saving in PIP cost Saving in combining Cryo costs for ProjectX, Mu2e and g-2 Visibility of project (name can be changed)???? What about experiments, mu2e, g-2, …

Implications for mu2e and g-2

Nufact09-IIT 20 07/24/2009 Take 2 cycles at time from Booster (thru Recycler) – stack in Accumulator – (~33ms) Form into 4 bunches – ~33ms – 1 bunch at time transfers to Debuncher Stretch Debuncher to slow extraction over 66ms – 2.4×10 12 / bunch (δν < 0.02) Use Recycler to accumulate Booster cycles – 12/20 to NuMI (1.33s) – 8/20 to mu2e (16/20)duty cycle Timing Diagram/Beam Delivery to mu2e

Beam for mu2e! 21 M. Popovic

mu2e with Project X, Stage 1 22 M. Popovic New tunnel ~90m 1 -3 GeV Linac Inj. in MI30, 3-8 GeV Linac Linac bunch is < 1ns long, (5)x4E7 p/bunch Bunch separation at 1.8us or shorter No need for beam preparation, no slow spill No need for P-bar complex No need for RR Mu2e w/o ProjectX

23 g-2 Beam Delivery Concept w/o Project X

84 RF buckets 7 Equally spaced Notches Booster Storage Ring Main Injector/Recycler Circulating Beam Seven ~100ns trains 150 ns spaced in Storage Ring/Booster/RR g-2 with Project X, Stage 1 Beam Bunched in Accumulation Ring Intensity and train length adjustable (~100ns) Train separation 150ns, or longer Kickers rise time not demanding, ~100ns Kickers fault time more then 1us No need for additional RF Systems, single 53MHz cavity will keep beam structure.

3 GeV Experimental Area & Storage Ring, 8 GeV Linac – Project-X Stages 2 and 3 25 M. Popovic Transfer line toMI20,~500m Linac, 3-8GeV,~500m Linac, 1-3GeV,~200m Linac, 1GeV,~250m

Backup Slides 26 M. Popovic  Backup

Linac Tunnel, 14x13 feet 27 M. Popovic Cryomodules Dynamic Load Energy exit End position (approx, m) Cryomodu le Length (approx, m) Interconnect Length (N-> N+1, approx, m) HWR SSR SSR LE HE GeV GeV4777.6

Linac Tunnel & Beam 28 M. Popovic  At present Linac has administrative limit of 3e14p/sec  Accident condition is define as  1800, 400MeV pulses, each pulse is 57usec long and Linac peak current is 45mA  4.6E-3 C (It take ~3usec to turn off beam in present linac)  This is 1.8mA current for 1 sec from 1GeV Linac (power equivalent)  New Linac is SC, so very sensitive to beam loss  400MeV and higher energy beam is very stif  Place that may have problem is exit from linac and Shute but I think that we can turn off linac beam in less then msec!

Booster Tunnel & Beam 29 M. Popovic Today Booster loss:  11% of injected beam is lost, ~3% is notched beam  500W lost around ring  ~1% of beam power Storage ring  will have collimation system  will get chopped beam  will have bunched beam  will have higher energy  will have smaller emittance beam If we assume 1% power loss, 500 m ring will allow 500W loss so we can store 50kW or more beam at 1 GeV.

Injection & Accumulation in Storage Ring 30 M. Popovic Circulating Beam Injected Beam H- Stripping Orb1Orb2 Orb3 Orb4 Foil MainMag

Single Turn Extraction from Storage Ring 31 M. Popovic

Linac bunch length 32 M. Popovic

Booster Tunnel & Beam 33 M. Popovic

Booster Permanent Magnet, Cost 34 M. Popovic (SGD/SGF style) New permanent magnet 50% larger x 40" magnetic length Total $ 4,234,260 contingency20% $ 705,710 Sub-total for a quantitiy of:300units $ 3,528,550 (Mult parts and labor but adds tooling once) Sub-total per magnet $ 11,679 (less tooling) Materials $ 29,191 One-time tooling $ 25,000 Stamping die1 $ 25, Magnet partsunitqtyprice per $ 4,191matlmachfinsum Ferriteea54 $ 6.00 $ Lamination steellbs625 $ 0.90 $ Stamping of poleea1280 $ 0.30 $ Pole assy partslot1 $ Flux returnlot1 $ 2, Misc hardwarelot1 $ Labor $ 7,488 Techniciantechshoursvalue $ 3,120 Stack/assl inner core28 $ $ 1, Final assembly28 $ $ 1, Trimming116 $ $ 1, EDIA x1.4 of tech labor time $ 4,368

Old & New Linac in Tunnel 35 M. Popovic

It takes tough man to make front page of Symmetry Magazine 36 M. Popovic

Booster Tunnel & Beam 37 M. Popovic

38 M. Popovic