The Enlightenment

Today we will use Cornell Notes Style

What is the Enlightenment ? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that began in France. It’s leaders were called philosophes. Came from nobility and middle class. Reason became their guide and motto Philosophes believed that if reason was applied to politics and government, it would be a better , more just society for all.

Philosophes… met to discuss reason, logic, rationale, and how to solve social problems were against Divine Right and believed the people are the source of government’s power believed in using the scientific method to solve social problems met in underground clubs called Salons

The Enlightenment Enlightened thinkers believed that human reason could be used to combat ignorance, superstition, and tyranny and to build a better world. Principal targets: Religion and the domination of society by hereditary aristocracy. In other words, the church and the state, who often worked hand-in-hand.

Who were the Philosophes Mad At? King Louis XVI of France 1643-1715 The Sun King

Why? Most of his subjects lived in poverty with barely enough to eat Believed in Divine Right: Believed God anointed him king so he was only responsible to answer to God, not to his subjects Ruled France as an absolute monarch in control of every aspect of every French citizen’s life Believed his entire kingdom revolved solely around him: called himself “The Sun King” Lived a lavish life funded by heavy taxes on most of his subjects

Enlightenment Emphasized… Individualism, freedom, and change replaced community, authority, and tradition as core values Monarchies dwindled over the course of 100 years beginning in mid-18th century Church insisted it was the only source of truth Most important, the middle classes—the bourgeoisie—were painfully aware that they were paying taxes to support a fabulously expensive aristocracy that contributed nothing of value to society.

Philosophers France England America Voltaire Rousseau Montesquieu John Locke Mary Wollstonecraft America Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Benjamin Franklin Patrick Henry George Washington

Your Assignment In groups, you will: Groups of 3-4 Gather information about a enlightenment thinker Explain their new thinking ideas What did they contribute to society? (Ideals, books, etc. ) Groups of 3-4 Each member will be responsible for a different role Reader - read and summarize to group Writer – write on paper and illustrations Presenter – present to rest of class Task Master – keeping group on task Print out of philosophers

Voltaire French Philosopher Believed in Individual/Civil Liberties Was opposed to organized religions criticizing other faiths and practitioners

Jean Jacques Rousseau Swiss Philosopher, 1712- 1778 Believed humans were naturally good and corrupted by society, not the other way around (as Hobbes believed) The Social Contract: published 1762 Believed that the people are the source of government powers Believed if government did not do its job people had the right to remove leaders, rebel

Montesquieu 1689-1755 French Philosopher Believed government’s power needs to be checked

Montesquieu believed.. Monarchies: ruled by a king/queen guided by honor Republics: ruled by elected officials guided by virtue Despotisms: ruled by absolute dictators guided by fear

Montesquieu’s Enlightened Idea Separation of Powers Believed power in government had to be divided amongst different branches Believed checks and balances are necessary to keep one branch from becoming too powerful

Montesquieu’s Separation of Powers

John Locke British Philosopher, 1632-1704 Believed all people were born with 3 natural rights (Life, Liberty, Property)

Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797 British philosopher, author, and feminist 1792 wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Argued that men and women should be treated as equal beings Argued that social order should be determined by reason (usefulness) not by gender, race, wealth, etc.

Dennis Diderot French Philosopher, 1751-1772 Published Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Science, Arts, and Trade. Attacked superstition and called for political changes Many copies spread enlightenment ideologies (ideas) through Europe

Adam Smith Scottish Philosopher Argued that individuals were free to pursue their economic self- interest The state (government) should not interrupt the free play of economics by imposing regulations Laisse-Faire: the let people do what they want Known for his work The Wealth of Nations Argued the law of supply and demand would regulate the economy 3 roles of government: protecting society from invasion (army); keeping up public works (roads, canals, etc.); defending injustices (police)

World-Wide Influences Many of the United States' Founding Fathers were heavily influenced by Enlightenment-era ideas:(1600s-1800s) particularly in the religious sphere (separation of church and state) And in the political sphere (a major influence on the U.S. Bill of Rights