The epidemiology of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Eric Bush USDA:APHIS:VS FDA:CVM Swine Mycoplasma Pneumonia Workshop Kansas City, MO March 6, 2002

Objective: Respiratory disease Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC)  Prevalence of primary pathogens  Severity of condition mortality due to respiratory illness age of onset in grower/finisher course of treatment  Extent of control measures and their relation to prevalence and severity Swine 2000

Swine 2000 study design NASS General Swine Farm Report June 1 – July 14, 2000 n=2499 respondents VS Initial VMO visit August 21 – November 3, 2000 n=895 respondents VS Second VMO visit December 1, 2000 – March 15, 2001 Ref: USDA:APHIS:VS. Part I: Reference of Swine Health and Management in the United States, Fort Collins, CO:NAHMS; 2001 August. Swine 2000

Objective: Serum bank Create national serum bank  Epidemiological description of endemic pathogens prevalence distribution risk factors  Natural history of emerging diseases time of emergence epidemiological description Swine 2000

Swine 2000 study design Blood collection Voluntary participation Collection from sows/gilts Max of 30 samples Quota sampling by parity Collection from finishers Max of 15 samples Across pens (max of 10 pens) Must be 20 weeks or older Shipped overnight on ice to NVSL.

Swine 2000 study design Blood collection Testing: PRRS - ELISA test at NVSL. Mycoplasma – Tween20 ELISA test at ISU (Pfizer). Mycoplasma - IDEXX ELISA test at BI/Vetmedica. SIV - HI test at WI (Schering-Plough). Serum banked for further use. 5 of 8 sets left

Swine 2000

Swine 2000 Blood collection Finishers only200 Breeding only111 Both195 Total 506 sites ,328 samples collected from 506 sites sow/gilt samples from 306 sites 5862 finisher samples from 395 sites.

Mycoplasma (ISU) results Site prevalence: Finishers: 82.3% Breeding: 94.8% Animal prevalence Finishers: 48.9% Breeding: 38.3% Swine 2000

Any questions

How does site prevalence vary… By region? By type of site? By size of site? Vaccine status of site? By visit blood collected (season)?

Site prevalence, by type Finishers only77.5% Breeding only97.3% Both97.4% All sites89.5% sites

Site prevalence, by total inventory < , < , Swine 2000 Sites with breeding females Sites with finisher

Site prevalence, by vaccination status Do vaccinateDon’t Vaccinate Do vaccinateDon’t Vaccinate Swine 2000 Sites which vaccinate breeding females Sites which vaccinate finishers

Site prevalence, by visit (season) First visitSecond visit 88.5%79.2% First visitSecond visit Swine 2000 Sites with breeding females Sites with finishers

What about the prevalence within sites (herds)? How does it vary by pig type?

Distribution of sites by number of positive finishers Swine 2000 Mean = 48.9%

Distribution of sites by number of positive breeding females Swine 2000 Mean = 37.4%

How does animal prevalence vary… By region? By size of site? By gender of finishers? By parity of breeding females? Vaccine status of animal?

56.9% 41.7% 42.7% 36.1% 47.7% 37.0% 51.2% 38.5%

Animal prevalence, by total inventory < , < , Swine 2000 Percent breeding females that were positive Percent late finishers that were positive

Finisher prevalence, by gender Gilts46.0% Barrows50.8% All late finishers48.9%

Animal prevalence, by vaccination status VaccinatedNot vaccinated VaccinatedNot vaccinated Swine 2000 Percent of vaccinated sows/gilts that were positive Percent of vaccinated finishers that were positive

Other mycoplasma data Prevalence of mycoplasma as reported by respondents Vaccination practices Other control strategies

Prevalence of selected diseases in nursery pigs, by herd size Swine 2000

Prevalence of selected diseases in grow/finish pigs, by herd size Swine 2000

Mycoplasma vaccination – breeding females 15.4% 43.6% 46.2% Swine 2000

Mycoplasma vaccination – breeding females Prior to entry At entry In the herd < Yes Yes No YesNoYes NoYes YesNo NoYesNo No Yes

Number of mycoplasma vaccinations received by breeding females Swine 2000

Percent sites using vaccine to control mycoplasma in weaned market pigs, by herd size Swine 2000

Number of mycoplasma vaccinations received by weaned market pigs Swine 2000

Mycoplasma vaccination – age weaned market pigs are vaccinated (weeks) Dose< , st & only Swine 2000

Mycoplasma vaccination – age weaned market pigs are vaccinated (weeks) Dose< , st & only st of two Swine 2000

Mycoplasma vaccination – age weaned market pigs are vaccinated (weeks) Dose< , st & only st of two nd of two Swine 2000

Strategies employed to control mycoplasma in weaned market pigs, by herd size Swine 2000

Acknowledgments National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) NAHMS Design and Implementation team State and Federal Veterinary Medical Officers, VS field APHIS: National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) ARS: Russel Research Center ARS: Eastern Regional Research Center ARS: National Animal Disease Center U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA-CVM) National Pork Board American Association of Swine Veterinarians (AASV) Pfizer Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. Schering-Plough Iowa State University The Ohio State University University of Illinois University of Tennessee University of Wisconsin – Madison Swine 2000

For more information: Eric Bush USDA:APHIS:VS-CEAH 555 S Howes Fort Collins, CO (970) Or search for “NAHMS swine” on the web.