DIABETES by PAULINE ANSINE BSN. RN

WHAT IS DIABETES Diabetes is a serious lifelong condition that cannot be cured, but can be managed. With diabetes, the pancreas doesn’t make any or enough insulin. Without insulin your blood glucose rises.

There are 3 t ypes of Diabetes. Gestational Type 1 Type 2

Gestational A form of diabetes that occurs during the second half of pregnancy. Typically goes away post delivery. Can be at risk for type 2 diabetes.

Type 1 Diabetes Formerly called juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes. Results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells and associated with absolutely insulin deficiency.

Type 2 Diabetes Formerly called adult onset diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes. Associated with insulin resistance. Not making enough insulin to overcome insulin resistance.

Characteristics of Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Childhood Usually lean at diagnosis Insulin sensitive Insulin Usually negative More common in whites Middle adulthood Typically overweight Insulin resistant Variable Commonly positive More common in non-whites

Statistics Approximately 17million American (6.2%) are believed to have diabetes. More than 1 million new cases occurs each year since to 95% of patients with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. It is estimated that between 21 to 22 million adults have type 2 diabetes. Direct or indirect cause of at least 200,000 deaths each year. 5 to 10% of patients have type 1 diabetes. American Diabetes Association

Warning signs of Diabetes Extreme thirst Extreme hunger Unexplained weight loss Fatigue (feeling tired) Blurry vision Frequent infections Frequent urination Headache. Impotence

Risk factors of type 2 Diabetes Race Sleep deprivation Cholesterol Family history Increased blood pressure Age Obesity

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar ) Symptoms include: Hunger Nervousness or shakiness Sweating Light-headedness Sleepiness Confusion anxiety

Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) Symptoms include: Increased blood glucose, > 180mg/dl. Frequent urination. Increased thirst. Increased glucose in the urine.

Ketoacidosis (diabetic coma) Symptoms include: Fruity breath Nausea & vomiting Dry mouth Shortness of breath

Treatments of Diabetes Meal planning

Medications

Treatments cont. Physical activities

How Diabetes is Managed Know the ABCs of Diabetes A is for A1C: Tells the average blood glucose in the past 3 months. B is for blood pressure: Your numbers tell the force of blood in your blood vessel. C is for cholesterol: tells the amount of fat in your blood.

A1C Test At least twice a year your healthcare provider shoulder order A1C check. This will tell you how well your treatment plan is working. ADA target: below 7%.

Blood Pressure High blood pressure can lead to heart attach, eye problems, and kidney disease. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends a target blood pressure of below 130/80 for most people with diabetes.

ADA’s Cholesterol Recommendation CholesterolNormal values LDL cholesterol (bad). HDL (good) Triglycerides Below 100 Above 40 (men) & Above 50 for women. Below 150

Plasma glucose to A1C Average plasma glucose A1C level 135 mg/dl 170mg/dl 205mg/dl 240mg/dl 275mg/dl 310mg/dl 340mg/dl 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12%

Complications Eye Disease (retinopathy)

Kidney Disease (nephropathy )

Heart & Blood Vessel Disease

Nerve Damage (neuropathy)

Keep track of your glucose level Using a glucose meter

Getting your A1C checks

Prevention of Diabetes Being active Healthy eating Taking medication Reducing risk Monitoring Adequate sleep Stress reduction

Remember!!! It takes time to make new habits. But your patience and persistence will pay off in the long run. ? ?

References Burke, S.D. (2010). Diabetes care and management. Western Schools. Choose to live: Your diabetes survival guide. (2004).The ABCs of Diabetes. American College of Cardiology. Diabetes basic. (2011). Age, race, gender and family history. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Advisor. (2009). Understanding type 2 diabetes. American Diabetes Association. Gebel, E. (2010). The role of sleep in type 2 diabetes. American Diabetes Association.