CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN BODY A & P 8/20/13

ANATOMY  The study of the Structure and Shapes of the body and their relationships to one another. Gross Anatomy: The study of large easily observable structures of the body. example: Bones and Liver Microscopic Anatomy: The study of very small structures that require the naked eye to be aided

PHYSIOLOGY  The study of how the body parts work or the Function of the body parts.  Neurophysiology- functions of the nervous system  Cardiac physiology- functions of the heart

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION  Starts with the simplest and becomes complex  Atoms  Molecules  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems  Organism

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM  The external covering of the body, or skin.  Waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues and organs from harm.  Excretes salts and urea to help regulate body temperature and pressure  Houses pain receptors to alert us of what is happening on body surface.

SKELETAL SYSTEM  Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints.  Supports the body and provides framework for the muscles to produce movement.  Also serves as a protective barrier for our most vital organs  Brain, heart  Stores minerals

MUSCULAR SYSTEM  Simply provide movement by contracting muscles.

NERVOUS SYSTEM  Fastest acting control system.  Brain  Spinal cord  Nerves  And sensory receptors

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM  Controls the bodies activities, but slower than the nervous system.  Endocrine glands produce chemicals called hormones that use the blood stream to get to specific organs

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM  The heart and the blood vessels  Use blood as the transporting fluid to carry substances like oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to and from tissues cells where exchanges are made.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM  Complementary to that of cardiac system.  Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as spleen and tonsils.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  Keep the body consistently supplied with oxygen

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM  A tube running through the body from the mouth to the anus.  Break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells

URINARY SYSTEM  Remove the nitrogen-containing waste from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  Exists to produce offspring.

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS  Maintaining Boundaries  Movement  Responsiveness (irritability)  Digestion  Metabolism  Excretion  Reproduction  Growth

MUST HAVE TO SURVIVE…  Nutrients  Chemical energy  Oxygen  Required for chemical reactions to release energy from foods  20% of air we breath is oxygen  Water  60-80% of body weight  Body Temperature  98.6 Degree F  Atmospheric Pressure  Exchange of O and CO 2  Cellular Metabolism at high altitudes

HOMEOSTASIS  The bodies ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing.  Nervous and Endocrine Systems  Receptor: Send information  Control Center: analyzes information and determines response  Effector: Provides the means for control center to respond

HOMEOSTASIS CONT’D  Negative Feedback Mechanisms  Causes stimulus to decline or end  Positive Feedback Mechanisms (rare in the body)  Enhances the stimulus  Blood Clotting and birth of a baby

ANATOMICAL POSITION

REGIONAL TERMS

DIRECTIONAL TERMS Superior/ Inferior Anterior/Posterior Dorsal/Ventral Cranial/Caudal Medial/Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial/Deep

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS