The United States Aids Its Allies ► American Policy  Most Americans want to avoid war  Roosevelt fears that if allies fall, U.S. would have to fight  He hopes to strengthen allies so they can resist Germany  Lend-Lease Act — U.S. loans weapons to countries fighting Germany  Roosevelt and Churchill meet, issue statement of principles  Atlantic Charter — supports free trade, right to form own government

US Lend-Lease Act 1941 Great Britain ……………………………… $31 Billion Soviet Union ……………………………… $11 Billion France ………………………………………. $3 Billion China ……………………………………….. $1.5 Billion Other European ………………………… $500 Million South American ………………………… $400 Million The amount totaled: 48,601,365,000

Imperial Japanese expansion up to 1941 (in brown)

Pearl Harbor – December 7 th, 1941 ► Japan was working on expanding empire throughout the Pacific ► The U.S. had a on Japan to try and deter Japan from invading countries ► The U.S. had a trade embargo on Japan to try and deter Japan from invading countries ► U.S. was able to and ► U.S. was able to intercept and break Japan’s codes ► about Pearl Harbor - sent the message on a (by accident) to warn U.S. Navy about attack ► Intercepted the code about Pearl Harbor - sent the message on a slower telegram (by accident) to warn U.S. Navy about attack

2 full blown attacks on Pearl Harbor Impact/Damage on U.S. Impact/Damage on U.S. ► 2,400 U.S. military and civilians died ► 1,178 U.S. military and civilians wounded ► ► 18 ships and 350 planes sunk or damaged ► Japan viewed as a stunning victory ►, U.S. declares war on Japan and, Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. ► December 8, 1941, U.S. declares war on Japan and December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.

The United States feared that the Japanese Americans would help Japan attack the U.S. again On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt Executive Order 9066 – Japanese Americans be put in relocation camps. Even though most Japanese American were loyal to the United States and some even serving in the armed forces, their families were forced to relocate to those camps and leave everything behind. This was to keep them from spying on US forces Japanese Internment

Normandy Invasion (D-Day) ► ► June 6, 1944 ► ► During this time, Soviet Union was pushing into Poland and Allies were pushing North in Italy ► ► Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower and George Patton influential in leading attack ► ► 3 million ally troops to attack

Normandy Invasion cont. D – Day   stretch of beach   60 mile stretch of beach  troops  156,000 troops  landing craft  4,000 landing craft  warships  600 warships  planes  11,000 planes  Largest in history  Largest air-land-sea operation in history  known as one of the most brutal areas  Omaha Beach known as one of the most brutal areas

► U.S. casualties. This number combines dead and wounded in the D-Day battles. ► U.S. casualties 6,000. This number combines dead and wounded in the D-Day battles. ► German between casualties on D-Day ► German between 4,000 – 9,000 casualties on D-Day ► By the end of the of the entire Normandy Campaign, Allied and German troops were killed, wounded, or missing. ► By the end of the of the entire Normandy Campaign, 425,000 Allied and German troops were killed, wounded, or missing. ► Within 1 month, ► Within 1 month, a million more troops ►, France was freed from ► September 1944, France was freed from Nazi control Nazi control

Battle of the Bulge ► ► December 16, 1944 ► 80 mile front) ► German tanks broke through 80 mile front) ► Fought in Belgium - Germany was trying to capture Antwerp ► - one of the most extensive of U.S. military ► Very brutal war - one of the most extensive of U.S. military

Battle of the Bulge Cont. ► Germans were winning in the beginning ► Germans died (also lost 600 tanks and guns and 1,600 planes– ) ► 120,000 Germans died (also lost 600 tanks and guns and 1,600 planes – leading to defeat) ► Americans died ► 80,000 Americans died Americans won, but were close to losing Americans won, but were close to losing

Attack on Dresden ► The Bombing of Dresden was an attack on the city of, the capital of the state of. ► The Bombing of Dresden was an attack on the city of Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony. ► Raids between 13 and 15 February 1945, 722 of the and 527 of the dropped more than 3,900 tons of ► Raids between 13 and 15 February 1945, 722 heavy bombers of the British Air Force and 527 of the US Air Force dropped more than 3,900 tons of high explosive bomgs ► The resulting destroyed 15 square miles of the city centre. Between 22,000–25,000 people were killed ► The resulting firestorms destroyed 15 square miles of the city centre. Between 22,000–25,000 people were killed

Yalta Conference ► Took place February 1945 before WWII was over ► Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met in Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss post WWII ► Set up United Nations

Yalta – “The Big 3”

April 12, 1945 ► At the beginning of his 4 th Term, President Franklin D. Roosevelt passes away ► The U.S. went through a major grieving period ► Harry S. Truman, as Vice-President, takes the role as President

The end of Hitler ► April 30, 1945 Hitler and Eva Braun commit suicide (gun shot and cyanide) ► Bodies burned in street ► Cover of Time magazine May 7, 1945

V-E Day (Victory in Europe ► ► May 8, 1945 ► General Eisenhower accepted a by the Third Reich ► General Eisenhower accepted a surrender by the Third Reich ► ► 1 st part of War was over

Potsdam ► ► July – August 1945 ► Truman, (Churchill and then Clement Atlee) and Stalin met in Potsdam, Germany ► Drew up a blueprint to and ► Drew up a blueprint to disarm Germany and eliminate the Nazi regime

Potsdam Continued ► Divided Germany into (occupied by ) ► Divided Germany into 4 sections (occupied by France, Britain, U.S. and Soviet Union) ► to be divided up in East (or Soviet Germany) ► Berlin to be divided up in East (or Soviet Germany) ► Set up the to persecute Nazi leaders ► Set up the Nuremberg Trials to persecute Nazi leaders ► Japan must “” ► Japan must “unconditionally surrender”

Potsdam, Germany

Nuremberg Trials ► International tribunal court tried Nazi officials ► Over 23 nations tried Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany ► 12 of the 22 defendants were sentenced to death ► 200 other officials were found guilty, but give lesser sentences

Battle of the Coral Sea ► Prior to this battle, the Japanese were winning every battle and taking over the Pacific ► May U.S. and Australia stopped Japan from invading ► Japan won the actual battle, but the allies were able to stop Japan invasion for the first time ► U.S. was beginning to use the Island Hopping technique to weaken Japan’s forces

Battle of Midway ► June 1942 ► Admiral Chester Nimitz intercepted Japanese code ► U.S. launched surprise attack on Japan at Pacific island called Midway ► U.S. was successful in the Battle of Midway

Battle of Midway ► The Japanese lost 4 carriers, a heavy cruiser, 3 destroyers, some 275 planes, at least 4,800 men, and suffered heavy damage among the remaining vessels of their fleet. ► American losses included 1 carrier, the Yorktown, a destroyer, about 150 planes, and 307 men

Iwo Jima ► Island in the Pacific that was critical for U.S. win ► March 1945 ► 27,000 Japanese held Iwo Jima ► U.S. won  26,800 Japanese troops died  6,000 U.S. Marines died

Battle of Okinawa ► June 22, 1945 ► Japan’s last defensive stronghold ► Japan used 1,900 Kamikaze attacks ► 110,000 Japanese troops died ► 7, ,500 U.S U.S. troops died ► U.S. won

Manhattan Project ► 200,000 Japanese died due to the Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ► Hiroshima  August 6, 1945  “Little Boy”  In 43 seconds, the city collapsed to dust ► Nagasaki  August 9, 1945  “Fat Man”  Leveled half of the city

V-J Day ► August 15, 1945: Japan offers unconditional surrender ► September 2, 1945: V-J Day = Victory in Japan Day (Formal surrender)

U.S. Occupation of Japan ► Similar trials held for Japanese war criminals ► 7 out of 28 leaders were found guilty and sentenced to death (including Tojo) ► U.S. occupied Japan for 6 years under the direction of General Douglas MacArthur  Called for a New Constitution (w/ free elections and women suffrage)  Introduced a free market economy