CELLS Structure & Transport Review

What is the function of the cell membrane? Controls what enters or leaves cell; When DNA is loosely packed and spread out in the nucleus of a cell of non-dividing cells it is called ____________. chromatin

Bacteria are ______________ prokaryotes eukaryotes prokaryotes This storage space is a ___________. vacuole

Tell the 3 of the parts of the cell theory. *All living things are made of cells. *Cells are the basic units of structure & function in an organism * Cells are produced from existing cells. Small structure in a cell that performs a specific function organelle

Name the Cell PEOPLE German zoologist who concluded all animals are made of cells _______________________ English scientist who 1 st saw “little boxes” in cork and called them cells ___________________ Theodor Schwann Robert Hooke

Tell which part does it? Burns glucose ____________________ Controls what enters or leaves the cell ___________________ Guides chromosomes during cell division __________________ Digests unwanted substances or cell parts _______________ Makes proteins ______________________ Contains chromatin ___________________ Mitochondria Cell membrane Centrioles Lysosomes Ribosomes Nucleus

Name the Cell PEOPLE American biologist who provided evidence for the Endosymbiotic theory ___________________ This theory explains the origins of which cell parts? _______________ _________________ Lynn Margulis Mitochondria & chloroplasts

An animal cell is a ____________. prokaryote eukaryote eukaryote This organelle is the ____________ Rough ER

Name an organelle that assists with movement Cilia OR flagella OR CYTOSKELETON Name the organelle which is called the “power plant” of the cell because it provides energy mitochondrion

Name the storage space that is larger in plants than animals. vacuole Name the molecule that provides the energy for cell activities ATP

Cells that have a cell membrane but NOT a nuclear membrane are ________________ prokaryotes Name the organelle that acts as the cell’s control center. nucleus

Cell membranes are made of these 2 main kinds of molecules. Phospholipids & proteins

Name the dark spot in the nucleus of a cell where ribosomes are made. nucleolus Membranes that allow certain molecules to pass through and not others are said to be ___________________ permeable. Selectively OR semi-

Programmed cell death or “cell suicide” for the good of the organism Apoptosis Proteins are made on the __________ in a cell. ribosomes

Tell which part does it? Makes lipids for membranes ____________________ Stores energy as ATP ___________________ Spread out DNA __________________ Modifies & transports proteins made on its ribosomes ____________________ Regulates calcium levels in muscle cells ________________ Supports and protects plant cells ___________________ smooth ER Mitochondria chromatin Rough ER Smooth ER Cell wall

In what kind of cell would you expect to see chromatin? dividing non-dividing Non-dividing Thylakoid stacks would be seen inside _____________________ Mitochondria Golgi bodies chloroplasts chloroplasts

What’s the function? Mitochondria ____________________ Ribosomes ___________________ Cell wall __________________ Golgi bodies ____________________ Centrioles ________________ Smooth ER ___________________ burn glucose; make ATP Make proteins support; protection Package molecules for storage or export Guide chromosomes apart during cell division Make steroids in gland cells; regulate calcium in muscle cells; Break down toxins in liver

Cell organelles that burn glucose and store energy as ATP. mitochondria This structure is a __________ Flagellum (pl. flagella)

Name an organelle that is made of microtubules Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, OR centrioles A membrane protein with carbohydrates attached to its surface that functions in cell identification is called a ____________________ glycoprotein

Tell which part does it? Makes ATP ____________________ Controls what enters or leaves the nucleus _________________ Help cell move __________________ Modify, sort, & package substances for transport _________________ Makes ribosomes ______________________ Control center of cell ___________________ Mitochondria nuclear envelope Cilia or flagella Golgi bodies nucleolus Nucleus

Name this part. According to the Endosymbiotic theory, which organelle probably evolved from photosynthesizing bacteria that were incorporated into early prokaryotic cells? chloroplasts GOLGI BODY

Name an organelle besides the nucleus that has DNA Mitochondria OR chloroplasts Tell one difference between cilia and flagella. Cilia- many, shorter Flagella-one or two, longer

Name an organelle besides the nucleus that has a double membrane Mitochondria OR chloroplasts Give 2 kinds of evidence that support the Endosymbiotic theory. Mitochondria and chloroplasts: have circular DNA like bacteria divide using binary fission like bacteria have lipids in their inner membranes like bacteria have ribosomes like bacteria

Tell which part does it? Contains genetic info __________________ Give cell shape/support ____________ Few, long structures for locomotion __________________ Provide more surface area inside mitochondria _________________ Place for photosynthesis __________________ Large storage space ___________________ Intracellular highway ______________________ nucleus cytoskeleton flagella cristae chloroplast vacuole Rough ER

Name this part. According to the Endosymbiotic theory, which organelle probably evolved from aerobic bacteria that were incorporated into early prokaryotic cells? mitochondria Smooth ER

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached is called _________ ER. rough Membrane bound sac that contains digestive enzymes. lysosome

This organelle makes ATP. mitochondrion Because the phospholipids in a cell membrane form 2 layers it is called a _____________. bilayer

_________ ER does NOT have ribosomes attached Smooth The _______________ is made of microfilaments and microtubules and helps the cell to maintain its shape. cytoskeleton

The yellow part of this phospholipid molecule stays on the outside of the bilayer next to the water environment because it is ______________. polar nonpolar polar

What is the job of the ribosomes? Make proteins Pancake-like stack of membranes that modify, sort, &package substances for transport. Golgi body

Tell which part does it? Breaks down toxins ____________________ Power plant ___________________ Tightly scrunched up DNA __________________ Allows molecules in & out of nucleus ____________________ Sacs inside chloroplasts ________________ Supports and protects bacterial cells ___________________ smooth ER Mitochondria chromosomes Nuclear pores thylakoids Cell wall

Name a cell part that has this arrangement of microtubules Cilia OR flagella Organelle in a plant or animal cell that contains the cell’s genetic material. nucleus

The folded inner membrane in the mitochondria which help to increase the surface area for chemical reactions is called the _______________. cristae Ribosomes are made of __________ & __________ Protein RNA

Which of these proteins is a peripheral protein? B; sticks on the surface of the membrane

What is the function of the Rough ER? Modify and transport molecules made by its ribosomes This organelle is a _____________ Golgi Body

What’s the function? rough ER ____________________ nucleus ___________________ cytoskeleton __________________ cell membrane ____________________ chloroplast ________________ vacuole ___________________ nucleolus ________________________ modify/transport proteins Contain DNA; control center support; give shape Control what enters/leaves cell photosynthesis Stores water, food, molecules, waste Make RNA for ribosomes

A plant cell is a ______________. prokaryote eukaryote eukaryote Name the organelle that carries out photosynthesis. chloroplast

Name the sacs found inside chloroplasts that contain the molecules for photosynthesis thylakoids Name the folded membranes found inside mitochondria cristae

Which of these proteins is an integral protein? A; sticks INto the membrane

The many short structures on the top of this cell are __________ cilia Cells that have a nuclear membrane are called ________________ eukaryotes

Describe the pathway a protein like insulin might follow from where it is made until it is secreted by a pancreas cell. _________→_______→______ →_______ Rough ER Plasma membrane Golgi ribosomes Animation from:

The organelle that regulates calcium in muscle cells, makes lipids for membranes, and breaks down toxins in liver cells is the ____________________ Smooth ER The cytoskeleton is made of ______________ & ______________ Microfilaments microtubules

The organelle that regulates calcium in muscle cells, makes lipids for membranes, and breaks down toxins in liver cells is the ____________________ Smooth ER The cytoskeleton is made of ______________ & ______________ Microfilaments microtubules

The blue part of this phospholipid molecule stays inside the membrane away from water because it is ______________. polar nonpolar Non polar

A = ________________ B = ________________ C = ________________ D= _________________ E= __________________ A Cell membrane B C D E Rough ER nucleus Golgi Body Mitochondrion

Tell what this molecule does “self” identification Tell what this molecule does Store and transfer energy

Put in order of increasing size: Organ cell organ system organism tissue _______  _________  _________  _____________  ______________ cell tissue organ organ system organism

Name a cell part that would use this molecule It is an amino acid; ribosomes use it to make proteins Name the cell part that makes this molecule mitochondria

Put the following cells in order of decreasing size: Bacterium Plant cell Animal cell _________  ________  _________ small smaller smallest Plant Animal Bacterium

How are the molecules in the cell walls of these organisms different? Plants Fungi Bacteria Which of these are EUKARYOTES? cellulose chitin peptidoglycan Plants and fungi are eukaryotes... So are animals!

True or False Bacteria don’t have a CELL membrane. FALSE; All cells have a cell membrane on the outside Name one of the functions of Smooth ER Make lipids for membranes, regulate calcium levels, Break down toxic substances

Name an organelle that is made up of CISTERNAE Golgi bodies A group of cells that work together to carry out a specific function are called a _______________ tissue

Tell why cells switch their DNA between chromatin and chromosome forms Chromosomes-tightly packed so easy to move during cell division; Chromatin-loosely packed and spread out so it is easier to read and get information when cell is “doing its job”

Name this molecule found in cell membranes phospholipid Name this cell part centriole

Name this molecule found in cell membranes glycoprotein Name this molecule ATP Image by Riedell

True or False Bacteria don’t have ribosomes. False; Yes, they do Ribosomes aren’t made of membranes True or False Plant cells don’t have centrioles True; at least we can’t see them

Membrane proteins that help water across a cell membrane aquaporins A group of organs that work together to carry out a specific function are called an _______________ Organ system

Name the process by which your fingers and toes formed from paddle-like structures and your tail disappeared? apoptosis

Centrioles are only seen in __________________________ cells. dividing animal You would expect to see cristae inside a ________________ mitochondrion

Cells that need a lot of energy probably have a lot of ______________ Golgi bodies Smooth ER mitochondria centrioles mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes attached is called _____________________ Smooth ER

A membrane that lets certain molecules pass through and not others is called _______________ Semi permeable OR selectively permeable

The ___________ is the basic unit of life. cell What do ribosomes make? proteins

Process in which cells change and develop into different kinds of cells doing different jobs Differentiation OR cell specialization Idea that all living things are made of cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and new cells are produced from existing cells Cell theory

Molecule found in the cell walls of fungi that makes them sturdy chitin Membrane sacs stacked like pancakes in a Golgi body cisternae

Collection of living material enclosed by a barrier that separates it from its surroundings; the basic unit of life cell Log-like structures that help organize the spindle and guide the chromosomes apart during cell division in animal cells centrioles

DNA with attached proteins found spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells chromatin Describes molecules that try to stay away from water… means “water fearing” hydrophobic

Group of different organs working together organ system Protein found in cell membranes which helps molecules get across the membrane transport protein

“Walking” proteins that interact with the microtubules in the cytoskeleton to move chromosomes or cell parts Motor proteins Protein found on the inside or outside surface of cell membranes Peripheral proteins

Theory that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic ancestors that were engulfed and stayed to live in an ancient host cell Endosymbiotic theory Protein found embedded in the phospholipid bilayer in cell membranes; these can go part way or all the way across the membrane integral proteins

Tell one way plant cells and animal cells are alike? Both: are eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane have membrane bound organelles have a cell membrane have DNA in multiple chromosomes

Tell one way plant cells and bacterial cells are alike? Both: have a cell wall have a cell membrane have DNA have a cytoskeleton have ribosomes

Tell one way animal cells and bacterial cells are alike? Both: have a cell membrane have DNA have a cytoskeleton have ribosomes

Tell one way plant cells are different from animal cells? PLANTSANIMALS Have cell wallNO cell wall Have chloroplastsNo chloroplasts no centrioleshave centrioles Big vacuole small vacuole

Tell one way plant cells are different from bacteria cells? PLANTSBacteria Eukaryotesprokaryotes Have chloroplastsNo chloroplasts Cellulose peptidoglycan in cell wall Big vacuole no vacuole nucleusno nucleus Membrane bound organellesNo membrane bound organelles

Tell one way animal cells are different from bacteria cells? AnimalBacteria Eukaryotesprokaryotes No cell wall cell wall vacuole no vacuole nucleusno nucleus Membrane bound organellesNo membrane bound organelles Centriolesno centrioles

Molecules that are dissolved in a liquid are called the __________ SOLUTE A state that exists when the CONCENTRATION of a substance IS THE SAME throughout a space equilibrium

The pressure of water pushing against the cell wall in a plant cell is called ________________ pressure. What keeps plant cells from bursting when placed in a HYPOTONIC solution? osmotic They have a cell wall

The dots in the diagrams below represent solute dissolved in liquid. LABEL THE LIQUID FOUND OUTSIDE THE CELLS: HYPERTONICHYPOTONICISOTONIC

This egg shrank smaller because it was placed in a ______________ liquid. hypertonic

The swelling and bursting of an animal cell when placed in a HYPOTONIC solution cytolysis An INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEIN that provides a passageway/tunnel across the cell membrane through which WATER molecules can move during osmosis Aquaporins

Solution in which the solute concentration outside the cell is greater than inside Molecule used by cells to provide energy for activities hypertonic ATP

Solution in which the solute concentration outside and inside a cell are EQUAL isotonic Stay the same size Animal cells placed in this solution will ______________ swell and burst shrink stay same size

Process by which water molecules move from higher to lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. osmosis

This egg grew bigger because it was placed in a ______________ liquid. hypotonic

A membrane that lets certain molecules pass through and not others is called _______________ Semi-permeable OR selectively permeable Image from:

Solution in which the solute concentration outside the cell is LESS than inside Animal cells placed in this liquid will ______________ swell and burst shrink stay same size hypotonic swell & burst

iodine Name the substance that turns blue-black when it reacts with starch

The process by which molecules MOVE from an area of HIGHER concentration to an area of LOWER concentration diffusion

The shrinking away of the cell membrane from the cell wall in a plant cell when placed in a HYPERTONIC environment plasmolysis Membrane proteins that help move molecules across cell membranes are _______ proteins integral peripheral integral

A small membrane bound sac in a eukaryotic cell used to transport substances around inside a cell The shrinking of animal cells when placed in a hypertonic solution is called ______________ vesicle crenation

mass of a dissolved substance in a given volume concentration The difference in the concentration of molecules across a space Concentration gradient Image by Riedell

Solution in which the solute concentration outside and inside the cell is equal isotonic Osmosis and diffusion both move molecules from a______________________ concentration. lower to higher higher to lower higher to lower