Ch 9 Launching a New Republic

Section 1 - Washington’s Presidency The president and the Congress begin to set up the new government The president and the Congress begin to set up the new government

Washington’s Presidency Washington’s Presidency Washington’s Presidency Washington’s Presidency

Washington Takes Office George Washington inaugurated, sworn in, as 1st U.S. President (1789) George Washington inaugurated, sworn in, as 1st U.S. President (1789) John Adams, first vice- president John Adams, first vice- president Congress agrees to call Washington “Mr. President” Congress agrees to call Washington “Mr. President”

Setting Up the Courts Congress passes the Federal Judiciary Act (1789) Congress passes the Federal Judiciary Act (1789) Gives Supreme Court six members: Gives Supreme Court six members: 1 chief justice or judge 1 chief justice or judge 5 associate judges 5 associate judges

Setting Up the Courts The number of judges later grows to nine The number of judges later grows to nine Act also provides for lower federal courts Act also provides for lower federal courts John Jay is named chief justice John Jay is named chief justice

Washington’s Cabinet Congress creates 3 departments to help the president: Congress creates 3 departments to help the president: 1. war department 1. war department 2. state department 2. state department 3. treasury department 3. treasury department

Washington’s Cabinet Heads of departments are president’s cabinet Heads of departments are president’s cabinet 1. Secretary of war, Henry Knox, oversees the nation’s defense 1. Secretary of war, Henry Knox, oversees the nation’s defense 2. Secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson, oversees diplomatic relations 2. Secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson, oversees diplomatic relations

Washington’s Cabinet 3. Secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton, manages U.S. finances 3. Secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton, manages U.S. finances 4. Attorney general, Edmund Randolph, gives legal advice 4. Attorney general, Edmund Randolph, gives legal advice

Economic Problems By 1789, U.S. has huge national debt—$52 million By 1789, U.S. has huge national debt—$52 million U.S. must pay debt to gain respect of other countries U.S. must pay debt to gain respect of other countries

Hamilton vs. Jefferson Hamilton vs. Jefferson Hamilton vs. Jefferson Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Hamilton’s Financial Plan Alexander Hamilton proposes 3-step financial plan to Congress (1790) Alexander Hamilton proposes 3-step financial plan to Congress (1790) 1. pay off all war debts 1. pay off all war debts 2. raise government revenues 2. raise government revenues 3. create a national bank 3. create a national bank

Hamilton’s Financial Plan Many southern states have paid war debts, northern states have not Many southern states have paid war debts, northern states have not To gain southern support, U.S. agrees to place capital in the South To gain southern support, U.S. agrees to place capital in the South

Hamilton’s Financial Plan Hamilton supports tariffs (tax on imported goods) because: Hamilton supports tariffs (tax on imported goods) because: 1. raises money for U.S. government 1. raises money for U.S. government 2. encourages growth of U.S. industry 2. encourages growth of U.S. industry 3. encourages people to buy American goods 3. encourages people to buy American goods

Hamilton’s Financial Plan Hamilton calls for a National bank, safe for government investments Hamilton calls for a National bank, safe for government investments The Bank would make loans to businesses, issue bank notes The Bank would make loans to businesses, issue bank notes

Interpreting the Constitution Thomas Jefferson, James Madison against a national bank Thomas Jefferson, James Madison against a national bank They claim that the Constitution does not allow for a national bank They claim that the Constitution does not allow for a national bank Alexander Hamilton has more flexible interpretation of the Constitution Alexander Hamilton has more flexible interpretation of the Constitution

Interpreting the Constitution He claims Congress has the power to set up the bank He claims Congress has the power to set up the bank George Washington approves a national bank (1791) George Washington approves a national bank (1791)

Section 2 - Challenges to the New Government Washington establishes central authority at home and avoids war with European powers. Washington establishes central authority at home and avoids war with European powers.

The Whiskey Rebellion Farmers resist U.S. tax on whiskey Farmers resist U.S. tax on whiskey More economical for farmers to sell rye whiskey than bushels of rye More economical for farmers to sell rye whiskey than bushels of rye Use whiskey as money to get supplies Use whiskey as money to get supplies

The Whiskey Rebellion In Pennsylvania, farmers stage Whiskey Rebellion against tax (1794) In Pennsylvania, farmers stage Whiskey Rebellion against tax (1794) Troops subdue rebellion, shows government has power to enforce laws Troops subdue rebellion, shows government has power to enforce laws

French Revolution French Revolution French Revolution French Revolution

The French Revolution French Revolution—French people rebel against their government French Revolution—French people rebel against their government France declares war on Britain, Holland, Spain France declares war on Britain, Holland, Spain Some Americans want U.S. to support revolution and the cause of liberty Some Americans want U.S. to support revolution and the cause of liberty

The French Revolution Others do not want war with Britain Others do not want war with Britain U.S. remains neutral, not siding with one country or the other (1793) U.S. remains neutral, not siding with one country or the other (1793)

Remaining Neutral British seize the cargo of American ships from the French West Indies British seize the cargo of American ships from the French West Indies Seizures make it difficult for the U.S. to remain neutral Seizures make it difficult for the U.S. to remain neutral

Remaining Neutral U.S. Chief Justice John Jay convinces British to sign Jay’s Treaty (1794) U.S. Chief Justice John Jay convinces British to sign Jay’s Treaty (1794) 1. British pay for damages to U.S. vessels 1. British pay for damages to U.S. vessels 2. leave Ohio Valley by leave Ohio Valley by 1796

Remaining Neutral Jay fails to open profitable British West Indies trade to Americans Jay fails to open profitable British West Indies trade to Americans

Section 3 - The Federalists in Charge The split between Hamilton and Jefferson leads to the growth of political parties. The split between Hamilton and Jefferson leads to the growth of political parties.

Washington’s Farewell Address Washington’s Farewell Address Washington’s Farewell Address Washington’s Farewell Address

Washington’s Farewell Address During his farewell address, Washington advises the country on two topics: During his farewell address, Washington advises the country on two topics: 1. Washington warned the nation against Political parties – he felt as though they would weaken the nation 1. Washington warned the nation against Political parties – he felt as though they would weaken the nation

Washington’s Farewell Address 2. He advised the nation of Foreign Policy – remain neutral and “steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.” 2. He advised the nation of Foreign Policy – remain neutral and “steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.”

Growth of Political Parties Political party: group that promotes its ideas, influences government Political party: group that promotes its ideas, influences government 1st two political parties in the country: 1st two political parties in the country:

Growth of Political Parties Democratic-Republican Party: Democratic-Republican Party: started by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison started by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison 1. wanted to support French Revolution 1. wanted to support French Revolution

Growth of Political Parties 2. wanted limited government, felt as though strong government could lead to tyranny 2. wanted limited government, felt as though strong government could lead to tyranny 3. economy based on farming 3. economy based on farming 4. strict interpretation of the Constitution 4. strict interpretation of the Constitution

Growth of Political Parties 5. opposed to the National Bank 5. opposed to the National Bank 6. supporters were: farmers and trades people 6. supporters were: farmers and trades people

Growth of Political Parties Federalist Party Federalist Party Started by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams Started by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams 1. opposed supporting the French Revolution 1. opposed supporting the French Revolution

Growth of Political Parties 2. Wanted a strong central government 2. Wanted a strong central government 3. economy based on trade, manufacturing, and shipping 3. economy based on trade, manufacturing, and shipping 4. loose interpretation of the Constitution 4. loose interpretation of the Constitution

Growth of Political Parties 5. wanted the National Bank 5. wanted the National Bank 6. supporters were: lawyers, merchants, manufactures, and clergy 6. supporters were: lawyers, merchants, manufactures, and clergy

John Adams Takes Office John Adams is presidential candidate for Federalists John Adams is presidential candidate for Federalists Thomas Jefferson is candidate for Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson is candidate for Democratic-Republicans Adams wins election; runner-up, Jefferson, is vice-president (1797) Adams wins election; runner-up, Jefferson, is vice-president (1797)

XYZ Affair XYZ Affair In 1797, Britain and France are still at war In 1797, Britain and France are still at war French seize U.S. ships, prevent trade with British French seize U.S. ships, prevent trade with British Federalists want war with France Federalists want war with France

XYZ Affair President Adams wants to restore peace President Adams wants to restore peace President Adams sends diplomats to France, they are ignored President Adams sends diplomats to France, they are ignored 3 French agents (known as X,Y, Z) ask for a loan and a bribe from the diplomats 3 French agents (known as X,Y, Z) ask for a loan and a bribe from the diplomats

XYZ Affair Americans are outraged this and it comes to be known as the XYZ Affair Americans are outraged this and it comes to be known as the XYZ Affair Congress cancels treaties with France, allows U.S. to seize French ships Congress cancels treaties with France, allows U.S. to seize French ships

The Alien and Sedition Acts Democratic-Republicans, Federalists criticize each other Democratic-Republicans, Federalists criticize each other To stop criticism of Federalists, President Adams targets immigrants To stop criticism of Federalists, President Adams targets immigrants Many immigrants are Democratic- Republicans Many immigrants are Democratic- Republicans

The Alien and Sedition Acts Federalist Congress passes the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798): Federalist Congress passes the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798): 1. power to arrest disloyal aliens during wartime 1. power to arrest disloyal aliens during wartime 2. outlaws saying, writing anything false or harmful against government 2. outlaws saying, writing anything false or harmful against government

The Alien and Sedition Acts Alien and Sedition Acts clamp down on freedom of speech Alien and Sedition Acts clamp down on freedom of speech Democratic-Republicans use states’ rights to fight acts Democratic-Republicans use states’ rights to fight acts State can refuse to pass a federal law if it sees law as unconstitutional State can refuse to pass a federal law if it sees law as unconstitutional

The Alien and Sedition Acts Kentucky, Virginia find Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional Kentucky, Virginia find Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional Democratic-Republicans gain control of Congress Democratic-Republicans gain control of Congress Repeal acts or let them expire between 1800 and 1802 Repeal acts or let them expire between 1800 and 1802

Peace with France U.S. and France make peace, sign Convention of 1800: U.S. and France make peace, sign Convention of 1800: 1. stops naval attacks between France and U.S. 1. stops naval attacks between France and U.S. 2. allows U.S. and French ships to sail the ocean in peace 2. allows U.S. and French ships to sail the ocean in peace