Metals Chapter 19 Section 1

Interesting to know First metal used was gold about 6,000 years ago Followed a few thousand years later by tin and iron

Properties of metal Metals are found to the left of the stair-step line Metals usually have common properties such as: Good conductors of heat and electricity All but Hg is solid at room temperature Reflect light (luster) Malleable –can be hammered or rolled into sheets Ductile – drawn into wires

Properties of metal Types of bonds formed Bonds are when elements form with other elements to become new molecules Often Ionic bonds are formed between metals and nonmetals Metallic bonding – outer electrons are not held tightly – (this form of bonding explains some properties of metals)

Alkali Metals Group 1 of periodic table Most reactive of all metals – react rapidly and sometimes violently Don’t occur in nature in their elemental form Stored in substances that are unreactive Has one electrons in its outer electron cloud

Radioactive Elements Definition – element in which the nucleus breaks down and gives off particles and energy Example would be the last element in group 1 Francium

The Alkaline Earth Metals Group 2 of periodic table Combine readily with other elements Two electrons in outer energy level Some used in fireworks – ex. Magnesium

Transition Elements Transition elements are those elements in group 3 through 12 in the periodic table. These are considered to be elements in transition between groups 1 and 2 and Groups 13 through 18. Transition elements are the most common types of typical metals Often occur in nature as uncombined elements.

Iron Triad Consists of Groups 8,9, and 10 that start with Iron, Cobalt, and nickel All used in the process to create steel and other metal mixes Iron – main component of steel – most widely used of all metals Nickel – added to steel to give strength

Coinage Metals Copper, silver, gold – Group 11 Stable and malleable Found as elements in nature Copper used in wiring because of its superior ability to conduct electricity and its relatively low cost. Gold and silver are very resistant to corrosion and are attractive in color and thus used in jewelry.

Mercury - Hg Mercury is a silvery, liquid metal – the only metal that is liquid at room temperature. Used in thermometers, some temperature sensitive switches and some batteries Poisonous “Mad as a hatter” -- used mercury in hats

Inner Transition Metals Lanthanides – used very extensively in the motion picture industry and to help produce colors on your tv screen Actinides – all radioactive and unstable Uranium is best known for its use in nuclear reactors and in weapons applications

Metals in the Crust Most metals in earth’s crust are found as ores Ores are metal compounds that have formed a mixture with the rock or clay in the earth.

Nonmetals Chapter 19 Section 2

Properties of Nonmetals Usually gases at room temperature or very brittle solids Not malleable or ductile Bad conductors Not shiny Right side of Staircase line (other than hydrogen)

Properties of nonmetals Type of bonding Can form ionic or covalent bonds

Hydrogen 90 percent of all atoms in the universe are hydrogen (most found as water) Formed from Greek word meaning “water forming” Hydrogen at its elemental form is a gas at room temperature Hydrogen is found usually as a diatomic molecule (which means it consists of two atoms of the same element in a covalent bond) H is highly reactive because it only has a single electron that it shares when it combines with other nonmetals. H can gain an electron when it combines with alkali and alkaline earth metals.

The Halogens Very reactive Seven electrons in outer energy level and only need one electron to complete this energy level. If a halogen gains an electron from a metal it will form an ionic compound called a salt. Some uses: Chlorine – disinfecting water Iodine – important in our diet – also used to disinfect skin before surgery

Noble gases Exist as isolated atoms Stable because their outermost energy levels are full. Never occur as compounds in nature.