The Aztec Diego Rivera mural, La Gran Tenochtitlàn

Major Global Development The last Mesoamerican civilization before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors, the Aztec built a hierarchical society based upon war, religion, tribute, and sacrifice.

Chichimeca Migration Came from Aztlàn Chichimecas first left in 900 CE

Aztec Empire Mexica migrated to Lake Texcoco in 1325 CE Worshipped Huitzilopchtli 200,000 – 700,000 people in Tenochtitlàn

Tenochtitlàn Aztec capital, founded in 1325 CE

Chinampas “Floating Gardens”

Pulque

Aztec Society Highly stratified Elites were 5 – 10% of population Macehualtin = Peasants + Artisans Slaves = 5% of Tenochtitlàn

Gender Differences Umbilical cord of girls = under the house Umbilical cord of boys = given to warriors Sweeping as a spiritual task

Tribute Once or twice per year Clothing, maize, animals, stones, jewelry

Religion Ometeotl = “Two God” mother/father to all gods Texcatlipoca = “Smoking Mirror,” supreme power Xochiquetzal = (Goddess) Pregnancy, weaving Tlazolteotl = (Goddess) Carnal love, sin, filth Mixcoatl = Patron of Chichimecas Huitzilopochtli = War & sun Quetzalcoatl = Wind Tlaloc = Rain

Xipe Totec God of Spring Flayed skins Priests wore the skins

Tlaloc God of rain Preferred children Death by drowning

Why did sacrifice matter? Pleasing gods A way to avoid destruction Projecting power of rulers

Death Mictlan Dog as “soul companion” 4 years of wandering Cremation vs. burial Mummies

Cihuateteo “The Divine Women” Goddesses who died during childbirth Accompany the sun from zenith to sunset

Moctezuma Became Aztec emperor in 1500 Waited for return of Quetzalcoatl

Quetzalcoatl “The Feathered Serpent” Tall, bearded, white god who was going to return

Who were the Conquistadors? Most had experience in the Caribbean Most were lower middle class, a small # were “hidalgos” All expected wealth, land, slaves, & political positions Most died in Mesoamerica & South America

Cortès & the Maya First encountered in the Yucatan in ,500 Yucatan Maya & 37 Spaniards died Geronimo de Aguilar, shipwrecked for 8 years

Who was Malinche? Malintzìn, Doña Marina, Malinche Given to Cortès as a slave Spoke Nahuatl, Maya, & Spanish

18 th Century Spanish Depiction of Cortès & Moctezuma’s First Meeting

Reasons for the Fall of the Aztecs Disease: Smallpox, typhoid, cholera, malaria, influenza Technology & Weaponry Native Allies angry with the Aztecs

Skulls in the Templo Mayor ruins Tenochtitlàn today

Religion & Colonization Aztec temples destroyed Franciscan, Dominican, Augustinian friars in charge of conversion to Catholicism

Key Chronological Events The Chichimeca wandered out of Aztlàn by the command of Huitzilopochtli. Human sacrifice served multiple purposes for this religious civilization that emphasized the power of conquest. The Aztec’s strict tribute system allowed the Spanish conquistadors to find allies in their war against the Aztec.