Chapter 1 The History of Journalism

Information Age Internet has greatly affected the media Some believe the change is great while others believe it is minimal NY Times now has a smaller newspaper NY Times now has a smaller newspaper Trash vs. The Good Stuff News doesn’t gather itself Journalists need to know everything – p. 3

Early Newspapers Anything goes – letters, essays Publick Occurrences First newspaper in Boston (1690) First newspaper in Boston (1690) This was stopped by the British This was stopped by the British 1704 – continuous paper approved by the government Started by John Campbell Started by John Campbell Boston News-Letter Boston News-Letter

Freedom of the Press Sedition – the stirring of rebellion “The greater the truth, the greater the libel” “The greater the truth, the greater the libel” 1735 – New York Weekly Journal John Peter Zenger printed articles by the governor John Peter Zenger printed articles by the governor Found guilty Found guilty Andrew Hamilton defended Zenger – p. 5-6 Andrew Hamilton defended Zenger – p. 5-6 Hamilton appealed to the jury – ‘Not guilty’ Hamilton appealed to the jury – ‘Not guilty’

The Birth of the Nation Colonial Press played vital role in the birth of the nation By 1775 there were 37 newspapers Some believe there would not have been a revolution without the press When are other times the press has affected thought? (Airplane use by Gov. Rounds) When are other times the press has affected thought? (Airplane use by Gov. Rounds)

The Birth of the Nation (cont.) First Amendment Guarantees freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, redress of government Guarantees freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, redress of government 1783 – Pennsylvania Post First daily newspaper First daily newspaper 1777 – Students Gazette First student newspaper First student newspaper

Penny Press First papers carried very little news 1833 – New York Sun – Benjamin Day Filled full of news and sold for a penny Filled full of news and sold for a penny Penny Press sold on the street and catered to revolution workers Advertising began taking a larger role 1841 – New York Tribune – Horace Greeley – 200,000 subscribers

Penny Press (cont.) Women played roles in the press Designs became better as needed 1851 – Henry Raymond Founded New York Times Founded New York Times Best paper in the country Best paper in the country

The Effect of the Telegraph With the Civil War, telegraphs helped transmit news Inverted pyramid style Most important information first Most important information first Harbor News Association Forerunner to the Associated Press (AP) Forerunner to the Associated Press (AP) Sold news to papers Sold news to papers

Yellow Journalism Bad taste emerged William Randolph Hearst – New York Journal Orson Welles – Citizen Kane Orson Welles – Citizen Kane Joseph Pulitzer – New York World Name came from cartoon of Yellow Kid

Yellow Journalism (cont.) Nellie Bly – worked for the World and made news herself Stephen Glass – Shattered Glass Stephen Glass – Shattered Glass Bly said she went to an insane asylum Bly said she went to an insane asylum She also said she went around the world in 72 days She also said she went around the world in 72 days

Spanish-American War Tried to lure America into the war between Cuba and Spain Hearst said “You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war” U.S.S. Maine was attacked – p. 11 U.S. got into the war U.S. got into the war

Muckraking Muckrakers – people who called for change in society Magazine came about McClure’s, Collier’s, Munsey’s, Saturday Evening Post McClure’s, Collier’s, Munsey’s, Saturday Evening Post They also fought for societal change

Minority Media Defender – founded in 1905 Robert S. Abbott – parents were slaves Robert S. Abbott – parents were slaves African-Americans should move north for better jobs 1945 – Ebony started – popular magazine Many Hispanic magazines cropped up 1828 – Cherokee Phoenix – first Native American newspaper Lakota Times – Tim Giago – Rapid City, SD

Advent of Radio 1906 – Dr. Lee De Forest came up with vacuum tube for radio 1916 – De Forest first radio broadcast 1926 – National Broadcasting Company – NBC 1927 – Columbia Broadcasting Company – CBS 1945 – Part of NBC sold off – named American Broadcasting Company – ABC Radio Act of 1927 – Federal Radio Commission Forerunner to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Forerunner to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Power over radio and television Power over radio and television Radios = HUGE

Shock Jocks and Radio Talk Shows For everything good, something bad has to happen Howard Stern, Rush Limbaugh, Don Imus Are they journalists?

Impact of Television 1940s – first television newscast Mid 1960s – more than 60 million television sets in United States Took away radio power Presidents utilize television Global Village – watching an event around the world ABC, CBS, NBC CNN, FOX, MSNBC, PBS, C-Span

Sensationalism on TV 1990s – return to yellow journalism Even more newspapers and magazines had trash journalism “If it bleeds, it leads” Bridge disaster in Minneapolis, Death of Michael Jackson – too much? 1999 – Littleton, Colorado

News on the Internet Easy access No shortage of space – articles can be as long as someone wants What are your thoughts on the internet? Do you read news online? This could be anything – CNN, MLB, ESPN, NFL, EW This could be anything – CNN, MLB, ESPN, NFL, EW

Computer Assisted Reporting Databases are accessible all over the world to journalists South Dakota Dept. of Agriculture

Journalism Today People simply don’t read papers anymore What do you think of online journalism? Is it good? What are the downfalls of not having a paper copy of a newspaper? What do you think the future holds in store?