Ch. 9 Notes – Chemical Quantities Stoichiometry refers to the calculations of chemical quantities from __________________ chemical equations. Interpreting Everyday Equations 2 guards + 2 forwards + 1 center  1 basketball team ___ + ___ + ___  __________ Practice Problems: 1) How many guards does it take to make 7 teams? ______ 2) How many forwards are there in 8 teams? ______ 3) If you have 8 centers, 17 forwards and 14 guards, how many teams can be made? ______ What do you run out of first? _________ balanced 2G 2F C G2F2C 14 16 7 guards

Interpreting Chemical Equations ___N2 (g) + ___H2 (g)  ___NH3 (g) The first thing that must be done is to ______________ the equation! Here are the kinds of information you can get from the equation: ____ mole N2 + ____ moles H2  ____ moles NH3 ____ molecule N2 + ____ molecules H2  ____ molecules NH3 ____ liter N2 + ____ liters H2  ____ liters NH3 ____ grams N2 + ____ grams H2  ____ grams NH3 1 3 2 balance 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 28.0 6.0 34.0

Mole-Mole Conversions The mole conversion factor comes from the _________________ of the balanced chemical equation. Step 1: Write down the “given”. Step 2: Set up a conversion factor to change from moles to moles. Practice Problems: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g) 1) How many moles of ammonia can be made from 7 moles of nitrogen reacting with an excess of hydrogen? 2) How many moles of hydrogen are required to completely react with 8 moles of nitrogen to produce ammonia? 3) How many moles of hydrogen are needed to react with an excess of nitrogen to make 10 moles of ammonia? coefficients 2 mol NH3 7 mol N2 14 moles of NH3 x = 1 mol N2 3 mol H2 8 mol N2 24 moles of H2 x = 1 mol N2 3 mol H2 15 moles of H2 10 mol NH3 x = 2 mol NH3

Other Conversion Problems Mass-Mass: (grams to moles to moles to grams) Step 1: Write down the “given” and convert from grams to moles. Step 2: Convert from moles of the “given” to moles of the “unknown” using a mole conversion factor. Step 3: Convert from moles of the unknown to grams. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g) Practice Problem: How many grams of ammonia can be made from reacting 39.0 grams of nitrogen with an excess of hydrogen? 1 mol N2 2 mol NH3 17.0 g NH3 39.0 g N2 47.4 g NH3 x x x = 28.0 g N2 1 mol N2 1 mol NH3

Other Conversion Problems Volume-Mass: (liters to moles to moles to grams) Step 1: Write down the “given” and convert from liters to moles. Step 2: Convert from moles of the “given” to moles of the “unknown” using a mole conversion factor. Step 3: Convert from moles of the unknown to grams. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g) Practice Problem: How many grams of ammonia can be made from reacting 20.0 liters of hydrogen with an excess of nitrogen? 1 mol H2 2 mol NH3 17.0 g NH3 20.0 L H2 10.1 g NH3 x x x = 22.4 L H2 3 mol H2 1 mol NH3

Other Conversion Problems Mass-Volume: (grams to moles to moles to liters) Step 1: Write down the “given” and convert from grams to moles. Step 2: Convert from moles of the “given” to moles of the “unknown” using a mole conversion factor. Step 3: Convert from moles of the unknown to liters. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g) Practice Problem: How many liters of ammonia can be made from reacting 36.0 grams of nitrogen with an excess of hydrogen? 1 mol N2 2 mol NH3 22.4 L NH3 36.0 g N2 57.6 L NH3 x x x = 28.0 g N2 1 mol N2 1 mol NH3

Percent Yield Percent Yield is a ratio that tells us how ________________ a chemical reaction is. The higher the % yield, the more efficient the reaction is. Actual or “experimental” Yield Theoretical or “ideal” Yield The ___________ yield is the amount you experimentally get when you run the reaction in a lab. The _______________ yield is the amount you are ideally supposed to get if everything goes perfectly. You can calculate this amount using stoichiometry! efficient x 100 % Yield = actual theoretical

Percent Yield Practice Problem: 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2H2O (g) 1) A student reacts 40 grams of hydrogen with an excess of oxygen and produces 300 grams of water. Find the % yield for this reaction. Step 1: Do a mass-mass conversion starting with the given reactant and converting to the product, (in this example, the water.) The answer you get is how much water you “theoretically” should have produced. Step 2: The other value in the question, (300 grams), is what you actually produced. Divide them to get your % yield! 1 mol H2 2 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O 40 g H2 360 g H2O x x x = 2.0 g H2 2 mol H2 1 mol H2O 300 % Yield = x 100 = 83.3% 360

Theoretical Yield = 2.0 g + 16.0 g = 18.0 grams Percent Yield Practice Problem: 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2H2O (g) 2) If 2.0 grams of hydrogen completely reacted with 16.0 grams of oxygen but only produced 17.5 grams of water, what is the % yield for the reaction? (Since more information is given in this question, we won’t necessarily have to do the conversion for Step 1!) Theoretical Yield = 2.0 g + 16.0 g = 18.0 grams 17.5 % Yield = x 100 = 97.2% 18.0

Limiting Reagent (or Limiting Reactant) runs out The limiting reagent is the reactant that ___________ _____ first. The reactant that is in abundance is called the ___________ reagent. excess

Step 1: Do a conversion for both given reactants into a product. Calculations Step 1: Do a conversion for both given reactants into a product. Step 2: The smaller amount of product was made by the limiting reactant. The smaller amount would be the actual amount produced. Practice Problems: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g) 1) If 2.7 moles of nitrogen reacts with 6.3 moles of hydrogen, which is your limiting reactant? How much NH3 is produced? 2 mol NH3 2.7 mol N2 5.4 moles of NH3 x = 1 mol N2 2 mol NH3 6.3 mol H2 4.2 moles of NH3 x = 3 mol H2 My limiting reactant is H2 and 4.2 moles of NH3 will be produced.

Practice Problems: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g) Calculations Practice Problems: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g) 1) If 37 grams of nitrogen reacts with 27.0 grams of hydrogen, which is your limiting reactant? How much product is produced? 1 mol N2 2 mol NH3 17.0 g NH3 37.0 g N2 44.9 g NH3 x x x = 28.0 g N2 1 mol N2 1 mol NH3 1 mol H2 2 mol NH3 17.0 g NH3 27.0 g H2 153.0 g NH3 x x x = 2.0 g H2 3 mol H2 1 mol NH3 My limiting reactant is N2 and 44.9g of NH3 will be produced.