Kunlun Mts. Himalayan Mts. Gobi Desert Huang He (Yellow) River Yangtze River Physical Features

Mountains & Deserts in the north & west & Pacific in the east isolated China from outsiders Ethnocentrism-China was the center of the world All foreigners were Barbarians Lacked interest in foreign cultures

Founded by Confucius 6 th Century B.C. Texts – Analects/ writings of Confucius Filial Piety Respect for elders 5 relationships Father/son, Ruler/subject, husband/wife, older brother/ younger brother, friend/friend

Founded by Lao-tzu 3 rd century BC Tao- “The Way” of the universe Live in Harmony with nature Balance between Ying & Yang Rejected government

Highly powerful government is the key to social order Punishment for offenses should be severe

Siddartha Gautama 5 th Century BC Eightfold Path, ethical behavior & good deeds (Meditation) Ultimate goal is Nirvana

Rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties Mandate of Heaven- Rule by divine right.

210BC-220 AD Legalism/confucianism Centralized government Civil Service Exam

221BC-210BC Legalism/ unified China Shi Huangdi Burned rival books/regulated coinage Unified Great Wall of China

AD Revived Confucianism Expanded Trade (Silk Road) connected china to the Middle East

Ruled China from AD Mongols- Invaders from the north Led by Genghis Khan China first experienced foreign rule under Kublai Khan Opened China to foreign contacts (Marco Polo)

Conflict between England & China over Opium Trade Chinese easily defeated & forced to sign Treaty of Nanking Gave Britain Island of Hong Kong & extraterritoriality Right to live under own laws

Sun Yixian establishes republic of China Principles Nationalism, Democracy, livelihood Chiang Kai Shek takes over leadership of Kuomintang (Nationalists) 1925

Civil War between Nationalists & Communists Mao Zedong & Communist defeat Nationalists under Chiang Kai Shek (Taiwan)

Great Leap Forward- Program to increase industrial & Agricultural Output (Collectivization) Cultural Revolution- Renewal of Loyalty to Communism & purge China of non revolutionary forces

Leaders after Mao are more moderate UN membership in 1971 President Nixon visits China in 1972 US Recognizes China in 1979

Leader: Deng Xiaoping promoted foreign trade and contact with western World 4 modernizations: Industry,Farming, Science & technology, Defense. Eliminated communes

Economic Reform: supported capitalist ideas but remained strongly Communist Tiananmen Square student uprising in May ’s killed or wounded. 10,000 arrested  Human rights violations still a huge issue

Leader Jiang Zemin (1997-today) Economically open/ politically closed Transfer of Hong Kong (1997) from British control Agreed not to change Hong Kong’s political or economic system for 50 years