2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, 14.-16.10.2015Viktor Kaufmann1/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group,

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2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann1/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review V. Kaufmann Institute of Geodesy Working Group Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Graz University of Technology, Austria

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann2/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review Contents 1. Introduction 2. Total Station Measurements GPS/GNSS Measurements Photogrammetric Measurements 5. Results 6. Conclusions and Outlook

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann3/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 2. Total station measurements Rock glacier inventory (Kellerer-Pirklbauer et al. 2014)

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann4/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 1. Introduction Dösen Lake (2269 m) Dösen rock glacier Arthur-v.-Schmid Haus (2275 m) August 17, 2015

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann5/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 1. Introduction August 17, m

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann6/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 1. Introduction Classical deformation analysis … Stable reference points … Observation points Object t1t1 (1) Rigid body movement (2) Affine deformation Stable reference frame t2t2 dX 12

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann7/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 1. Introduction July 26, 1994 A first visit to Dösen rock glacier

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann8/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 1. Introduction July 26, 1994

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann9/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 1. Introduction July 26, 1994

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann10/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 2. Total Station Measurements Set-up of a geodetic network and initial (zero) measurement in 1995  7 stable reference points marked with brass bolts & 3 points of BEV  3 additional points (N5, N6 and N7) were added in later stage.  107 observation points on the rock glacier  34 points marked with brass bolts  4 profiles (107 points in total, marked with hammer and chisel)  2 longitudinal profiles  2 transversal profiles  Measurement of the stable reference frame  Total station (1995, …)  GPS (1996, …)  Initial (zero) measurement of the observation points  Total station (1995)  Annual measurements in August

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann11/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 2. Total station measurements

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann12/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 2. Total Station Measurements observation points marked with brass bolts 4 profiles: , , , , and additional 3 points 1016, 5001 and 5002

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann13/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 2. Total Station Measurements Gerhard Kienast at point S1 Kaufmann, Tilg, Kienast, HeilandJuly 26-28, 1995Check point at S4 Geodetic survey at the triangulation point AVSTransport of heavy geodetic equipmentAugust 13-21, 1995August 12-15, 1997

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann14/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 2. Total Station Measurements S4 Reflector put on brass bolt Polar method surveying from point S4August 13-21, 1995 August 5-11, 1996August 13-21, 1995

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann15/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 2. Total Station Measurements Annual repeat measurements between 1996 and 2013  No measurements were carried out in 2003 because of financial constraints.  Measurements using a total station terminated in Surveying team 2013August 12-14, 2013

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann16/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 2. Total Station Measurements Assessment: +High accuracy: m X = m Y = m Z = ±1 cm +Fast (1 day) +Independent measurement technique (no third-party service is needed) Experienced operator is needed for the total station. Strong dependency on the weather (visibility) Personnel intensive (5-6 persons) Physically strong helpers needed High costs because of the personnel Difficult and dangerous climb to reach point S4 S4 is not stable but gradually moving downward.

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann17/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 2. Total Station Measurements D displacement vectors

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann18/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 3. GPS/GNSS Measurements GNSS-based surveying since 2014  2014: Validation of the real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning technique at Dösen rock glacier.  Reference station (base): Triangulation point (AVS) near Arthur-v.-Schmid Haus  Additional stable points M1, M2 and M3 for ease of work  Equipment used: Leica Viva GNSS  Accuracy: 2-3 times inferior to the classical method used previously  2015: RTK-GNSS measurements only

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann19/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 3. GPS/GNSS Measurements August 18, 2015 Reference point (AVS) (2278 m) August 18, 2015 August 12, 2014

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann20/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 3. GPS/GNSS Measurements Assessment: +Less personnel needed (2-4 persons) +More cost-efficient +Measurement is independent of weather conditions (visibility). +Measurements can be carried out by anybody after a short training. ±Adequate accuracy: m X = m Y = m Z = ±2-3 cm (= ~10% relative accuracy in respect to the average annual flow velocity) Daily output of measured points is limited. On a fine day all 34 observation points can be measured within 1 day. Thus, the measurement of the 4 profiles had to be abandoned. Possible problems with bad satellite constellation, signal shadowing, and multipath effects

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann21/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 3. GPS/GNSS Measurements D displacement vectors

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann22/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 4. Photogrammetric Measurements Computer animation: 1969 – 1998 – 2010 Horizontal movement of Dösen rock glacier

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann23/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 4. Photogrammetric Measurements Horizontal displacement vectors derived from large-scale aerial photographs 1993 and Automatic tracking of thousands of points through image matching

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann24/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 4. Photogrammetric Measurements Total horizontal movement Equidistance of isolines: 1 m Accuracy: ±0.9 m (3σ-level) Maximum movement: m (in 56 years) non-significant valid measurements

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann25/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 5. Results

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann26/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 5. Results Mean annual horizontal flow velocity of Dösen rock glacier for the time period The velocities shown are mean values derived from 11 representative observations points (10-17, 21-23) cm/a

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann27/28 20 Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review 6. Conclusions and Outlook  Mean annual flow velocity is a good indicator to describe rock glacier kinematics.  RTK-GNSS has proofed to be beneficial.  Accuracy obtained is sufficient. (Satellite availability will increase in the future: Galileo, Beidou, etc.)  Deformation analysis is possible.  Estimation of permafrost degradation (surface lowering due to ice melt) based on sparse point data is difficult. Annual rates computed are in the centimeter- level.  GPS/GNSS-equipped Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for monitoring rock glacier kinematics: unattended operation, high spatial and temporal coverage and low cost (cp. Buchli et al. 2012)  To resolve intra-annual variations in rock glacier movement  To better support process understanding (influence of atmospheric warming, hydrology, etc.)

2. Permafrost Austria Workshop, Schloss Trautenfels, Viktor Kaufmann28/28 For further information, please contact: Viktor Kaufmann Institute of Geodesy Working Group Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Graz University of Technology Steyrergasse 30 A-8010 Graz, Austria Years of Geodetic Monitoring of Dösen Rock Glacier (Ankogel Group, Austria) – A Short Review