Lecture 1 Introduction to Animal Anatomy Body regions organ systems body cavities body tissues biological molecules Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 1

Characteristics of all life forms What are the 7 Characteristics of Life? Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 2

Characteristics of all life forms Living Things are Composed of Cells: Single-cell organisms have everything they need to be self-sufficient. In multicellular organisms, specialization increases until some cells do only certain things. Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 3

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Characteristics of all life forms Living Things Have Different Levels of Organization: Both molecular and cellular organization. Living things must be able to organize simple substances into complex ones. Living things organize cells at several levels:  Tissue - a group of cells that perform a common function. Organ - a group of tissues that perform a common function. Organ system - a group of organs that perform a common function. Organism - any complete living thing.   Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 6

Characteristics of all life forms Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 7

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Characteristics of all life forms Living Things Use Energy:  Living things take in energy and use it for maintenance and growth. Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 9

Characteristics of all life forms Living Things Respond To Their Environment: Living things will make changes in response to a stimulus in their environment. A behavior is a complex set of responses. Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 10

Characteristics of all life forms Living Things Grow:  Cell division - the orderly formation of new cells. Cell enlargement - the increase in size of a cell. Cells grow to a certain size and then divide. An organism gets larger as the number of its cells increases. Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 11

Characteristics of all life forms Living Things Reproduce:  Reproduction is not essential for the survival of individual organisms, but must occur for a species to survive. All living things reproduce in one of the following ways: Asexual reproduction - Producing offspring without the use of gametes. Sexual reproduction - Producing offspring by the joining of sex cells. Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 12

Characteristics of all life forms Living Things Adapt To Their Environment: Adaptations are traits giving an organism an advantage in a certain environment. Variation of individuals is important for a healthy species. Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 13

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Characteristics of all life forms Questions: Do all living things have all of the characteristics of life? If your answer is no, give an example. Name some non-living thing that uses energy. Name some non-living thing that grows. Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 15

What is anatomy? Anatomy Anatomy can be divided depending on the basis of the degree of structural detail under consideration into: Microscopic anatomy. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy. Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 16

Microscopic anatomy: It deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification. With light microscope, you can see basic details of cell structure. With electron microscope, you can see individual molecules that are only a few nanometers across. Microscopic anatomy includes: Cytology Histology Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 17

Microscopic anatomy: Cytology: is the analysis of the structure of individual cells, the simplest unit of the life. Cells are composed of chemical substances in various combinations, and our lives depend on the chemical processes occurring in the trillions of cells in the body. For this reason we will consider basic chemistry before we examine cell structure. Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 18

Microscopic anatomy: Histology: is the examination of tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions. Tissues combine to form organs, such as heart, kidney, liver, or brain. Man organs are easily examined without a microscope, so at the organ level we cross the boundary from microscopic anatomy to gross anatomy. Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 19

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy: It involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye. There are many ways to approach gross anatomy: Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Developmental anatomy Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 20

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy: Surface anatomy Is the study of general form and superficial markings. Regional anatomy Focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk. Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 21

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy: Systemic anatomy Is the study of the structure of organ systems, such as skeletal system or muscular system. Organ systems are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner. For example, the heart, blood, and blood vessels, form the cardiovascular system, which distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Human body contains 11 organ systems. Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 22

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy: Developmental anatomy Deals with the changes in form that occur during the period between conception and physical maturity. Because developmental anatomy considers anatomical structures over such a broad range of sizes (from single cell to an adult human), techniques used in it are similar to those used in both microscopic anatomy and gross anatomy. The most extensive structural changes occur during the first 2 months of development. The study of theses early developmental processes is called embryology. Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 23

Eleven Organ Systems: What does each do. How are they studied Eleven Organ Systems: What does each do? How are they studied? Gross anatomy cytology histology interactions - homeostasis Dr. Jehane Ibrahim Eid 24

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