Cold War: Domestic and International Impact SSUSH20

SSUSH20 The student will analyze the domestic and international impact of the Cold War on the United States. Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U.S. commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the origins and implications of the containment policy. Explain the impact of the new communist regime in China and the outbreak of the Korean War and how these events contributed to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy. Describe the Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Describe the Vietnam War, the Tet Offensive, and growing opposition to the war. Explain the role of geography on the U.S. containment policy, the Korean War, the Bay of Pigs, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Vietnam War.

Cold War Period of time of political and military rivalry between the United States

Berlin Airlift The supply of food and supplies to West Berlin by Britain and U.S. military air transport during the blockade.

Containment Policy Checking the expansion or influence of a hostile power or ideology, as by the creation of strategic alliances or support of client states in areas of conflict or unrest.

Containment Policy Fear over spread of communism Belief that if Soviet Union can not spread its borders, communism will collapse War without loss of life on the battlefield

Marshall Plan Post world war II plan infused funds in Europe to rebuild the infrastructure and bring vital supplies to European countries while building the economy of the United States through trade.

Marshall Plan 16 countries – four years - $13 billion in aid Chaotic Western European nations needed reconstruction Secretary of State George Marshall said that it was directed “not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos” What do you call it when someone gives you money to do or to not do something?

Truman Doctrine A policy of containment initiated during the Truman presidency.

Truman Doctrine “it must be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.” What “outside pressures”? How can the US support? US financial aid would help to contain communism where it was and prevent it from spreading to democracies the US supported

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization; established in 1949 as a military alliance among democratic nations.

Warsaw Pact A military and economic agreement between the Soviet Union and other Communist governments in Eastern Europe.

NATO vs Warsaw Pact

Iron Curtain Term coined by Winston Churchill to characterize the political divide between Communist and democratic countries.

Competition with USSR The Cold War We built an atomic bomb Then they built one of their own Harry S. Truman used the United Nations (UN) to gain allies and trade partnerships Joseph Stalin would do the same US wanted to encourage self-determination and democracy USSR wanted to encourage communism US wanted to rebuild European governments and put Germany together USSR wanted to control Eastern Europe (buffer) and divide East & West Germany US created their first peacetime alliance (NATO) for military support between US and 11 Western European nations USSR created their own alliance set as well (Warsaw Pact)

“Losing” China China was in a civil war in the 1940s (US supported) Nationalists vs. Communists Mao Zedong gathered support among Chinese rural peasants to take control of communist China America had spent $3,000,000,000 to help Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek BUT America is not willing to go to a military solution over China – they’re too big and the USSR might get involved Is China a communist country today?

a war between North and South Korea; South Korea was aided by the United States and other members of the United Nations; Korean War

In 1950, communist North Korean forces flooded over the 38 th parallel into democratic South Korea (whom the US was supposed to protect) Truman sent General Douglas MacArthur back into action (he had served in the Pacific in WWII) MacArthur’s strong push is successful until China adds support to North Korea and pushes back MacArthur begged Truman for greenlight to attack China, Truman refuses, MacArthur criticizes, Truman fires him (America’s favorite war hero at the time) The war ended in a stalemate – as the 38 th parallel remained the border 54,000 Americans died in Korea America spent $67 billion What are America’s gains and losses from the Korean war?

Korean War

McCarthyism mid 20 th century political approach initiated by Joseph McCarthy, characterized chiefly by the use of unsubstantiated charges used to defame the people he accused of being Communists.

McCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthy (Wisconsin) brought the issue of anti-communism to America’s front pages and living rooms Stirs up a whirlwind fever – claiming to have a list of 57 (no 81, no 205!) communists working in the US State Department Accused Democrats of being soft on communism Televised bullying of US Army led to his discredit and downfall

How was McCarthyism similar to the Salem With Trials?

Cuban Revolution the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba;

the Cuban Revolution 1956 Fidel Castro led communist revolution for control over Cuba, promising an end to inequality, poverty and dictatorship Relations with the US got worse, but JFK’s new foreign policy when something didn’t go our way was “flexible response”

Bay of Pigs Failed 1961 U.S. assisted invasion of Cuba

The Bay of Pigs invasion The CIA trained over 1,000 Cuban exiles to lead invasion of Cuban Bay of Pigs that would lead to overthrow of Castro’s government Nothing went as planned and the US army-led invasion was a giant embarrassment and failure The US had to pay $53 million in supplies for the release of the captured forces Cuba turned to the Soviet Union for more “communist big brother” support

Bay of Pigs

Cuban Missile Crisis Confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over the presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962

the Cuban missile crisis 1962 October 14: US planes take photos of Soviet missiles in Cuba – placed there by the USSR to keep America out in the future October 22: Kennedy informs America of danger in Cuba, intent to limit buildup October 24: Kennedy starts naval blockade of Cuba October 25: Soviet Union ships stopped at blockade October 28: Khrushchev (USSR) vows to pull missiles out of Cuba to avoid bigger conflict US had to take missiles out of Turkey as well

Vietnam War An undeclared war between the United States and North Vietnam to prevent the Communist takeover of South Vietnam (1957 – 1975)

describing the Vietnam War 1953: Eisenhower explains DOMINO THEORY and how US cannot let another nation fall to communism Vietcong will resist US within South Vietnam JFK, afraid to be labeled “soft” on communism, continues US involvement in Vietnam After USS Maddox fired upon, Congress passes Tonkin Gulf Resolution gives wide war-power to LBJ

Vietnam War

U.S. Troop levels escalate… 1963: 16,000 (JFK) 1964: 50,000 (LBJ) 1965: 180,000 (LBJ) 1966: 385,000 (LBJ) 1967: 500,000 (LBJ) 1968: 542,000 (LBJ) 1969: 480,000 (Nixon) 1970: 225,000 (Nixon) 1971: 160,000 (Nixon) 1972: 10,000 (Nixon)

A Difficult War to fight Elusive/Unclear/Deter mined Enemy Vietcong were fighting a hundred-year-old war for their survival Impossible Terrain jungles, heat, bugs, rain, traps, hiding Vietcong 3.5 million landmines still in Vietnam today Guerilla Warfare War of Attrition Chemical Warfare Sinking Troop Morale

Tet Offensive January 1968 intense military offensive by North Vietnam; turning point in the Vietnam War as public opinion in support of the war began to change.

the Tet offensive TET OFFENSIVE – January 1968 –Tet holiday ceasefire (Vietnamese New Year) –Vietcong ignore ceasefire and attack 100 towns –Vietcong lose 32,000 (ARVN/US lose 3,000), - before Tet: 28% doves, 56% hawks - after Tet: 40% doves, 40% hawks

The “Living room war”