By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Revised: Howe, Nix, Corbett

The Dreyfus Case, 1894 Capt. Alfred Dreyfus Emile Zola

Zionism Theodore Herzl  GOALS: The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine.  Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.  GOALS: The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine.  Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.

First Zionist Conference, 1897  Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, or The Jewish State in  Met in Basel, Switzerland.  Creates the First Zionist Congress.  Becomes an international Jewish organization.  “ Next Year in Jerusalem! ”  Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, or The Jewish State in  Met in Basel, Switzerland.  Creates the First Zionist Congress.  Becomes an international Jewish organization.  “ Next Year in Jerusalem! ”

The Ottoman Empire in WW1

The Main Players in WW 1 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

The Middle East in 1914

T. E. Lawrence [ ] “ Lawrence of Arabia, ” The Legend Begins

Hussein-McMahon Letters, Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca.... Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

The Arab Revolt:

The Allied Advance Against the Ottoman Turks Br. General Edmund Allenby

The British & Arab Armies Meet British Forces Lawrence & Faisal ’ s Forces

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917 Sir Arthur James Balfour Br. Foreign Secretary His Majesty ’ s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine …

1.5 million: A Portent of Future Horrors to Come! Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197, Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia 371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,00070,000 European Turkey 194,000163,000 Trapizond District 73,39015,000 Total:2,133,190387,800 Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918 Arab Disappointment!

The League of Nations Mandates

“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!  Prince Faisal  “ ruler ” of Trans-Jordan.  Prince Abdullah  “ ruler ” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinct geographic regions].  The House of Saud  put on the throne of the newly-created Saudi Arabia.  The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a new Iran.  Mustafa Kemal  leads a military/nationalist movement in Turkey.  Prince Faisal  “ ruler ” of Trans-Jordan.  Prince Abdullah  “ ruler ” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinct geographic regions].  The House of Saud  put on the throne of the newly-created Saudi Arabia.  The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a new Iran.  Mustafa Kemal  leads a military/nationalist movement in Turkey.

Treaty of Lausanne, 1923 Modern Turkey Is Born.

Mustafa Kemal “Atatürk” ( )

Ataturk’s Reform Program  Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara.  Secularism  Qur ’ an in Turkish translation.  Adoption of a republican constitution and a Swiss civil code.  Westernization & nationalism:  Compulsory, secular education.  Banning the fez.  Western [Roman] script.  Western clothing.  Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.  Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara.  Secularism  Qur ’ an in Turkish translation.  Adoption of a republican constitution and a Swiss civil code.  Westernization & nationalism:  Compulsory, secular education.  Banning the fez.  Western [Roman] script.  Western clothing.  Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.

Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!  First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia in  Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911  drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.  Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British.  Kuwait became a British protectorate in November,  In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.  First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia in  Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911  drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.  Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British.  Kuwait became a British protectorate in November,  In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

Oil Becomes the New International “Coin of the Realm!”  American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gain oil concessions in Bahrain in  In 1933, American oil companies win an oil concession in Saudi Arabia.  ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in  American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gain oil concessions in Bahrain in  In 1933, American oil companies win an oil concession in Saudi Arabia.  ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.

Rezah Khan ( )  an Iranian officer, seized control of the govt. in  declared himself SHAH in  created the Pahlavi Dynasty.  ruled from  initiated some modern reforms.  forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in  an Iranian officer, seized control of the govt. in  declared himself SHAH in  created the Pahlavi Dynasty.  ruled from  initiated some modern reforms.  forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

Reforms in Iran  Secularization  seizure of religious lands.  Adoption of the French civil code.  Built the Trans-Iranian Railroad.  Improved education.  Secularization  seizure of religious lands.  Adoption of the French civil code.  Built the Trans-Iranian Railroad.  Improved education.

The Middle East Between the Wars

Essential Question: How did Britain ’ s actions in Palestine after 1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews and the Arabs in the Middle East today?

Palestine Was Part of the Ottoman Empire

Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920  In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine.  By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew.  In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine.  By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew. The Arabs felt that they were losing control of their “ country! ”

British Mandate in Palestine Created July, 1922

Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System  First one founded in  Communal living.  “ Make the Desert Bloom! ”  First one founded in  Communal living.  “ Make the Desert Bloom! ”

1929 Arab Riots IZBAH AL-YAHUD! [ “ Slaughter All the Jews! ” ] Jewish 19191, , , , , , , , , , , ,944 Immigration 19314, , , , , , , , , , ,592

Palestine Arab Revolt: The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.  An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.  An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners.  A new “ general representative government. ”  An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.  An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners.  A new “ general representative government. ” Their Goals:

The Peel Commission Partition Plan, 1937

British White Paper of 1939  Limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 over the next five years.  It ended Jewish land purchases.  Independence for Palestine within 10 years.  It is NOT British policy that Palestine become a Jewish state.  Limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 over the next five years.  It ended Jewish land purchases.  Independence for Palestine within 10 years.  It is NOT British policy that Palestine become a Jewish state.

The “Arab Legion” of the British Army During WW 2

The “Jewish Brigade” of the British Army During WW2

Hitler’s “Final Solution” The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps

The Nazi Holocaust  6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]

Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

Aliyah Bet  Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.  The Exodus,  Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.  The Exodus, 1947.

Palestine Population in 1946

British “Detention” Camps in Cyprus :

Jewish “Freedom Fighters” (or “Terrorists”?) Irgun Zvai Leumi [Natl. Military Org.] Avraham Stern & The Stern Gang

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

Israel Becomes a Nation: May 14, 1948 David Ben-Gurion, 1 st Prime Minister Chaim Weizmann, 1 st President

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

Arab Refugees, 1948 The Palestinian Diaspora begins!

Armistice Signed, 1949