GCSE LEVEL PE Lesson 17 & 18 A healthy active lifestyle and your Skeletal system Skeletal System 1 Role and function of the skeleton Joints & Movements

Connector Label the bones sheet including vertebrae column

Connector Extension Answer the following questions; What do you think is the most important function of the skeleton? Why? What is a joint? What are the different types of movement that can occur at the joints? Can you think of any injuries that might happen to the bones and joints when taking part in sport?

Key Words Movement Support Protection Synovial Fixed Tendon Ligament Cartilage 4

Big Picture You will be able to identify the functions of the bones and the skeleton, looking at bone growth and the role of the skeleton in sporting activities. 5

Learning Outcomes All student will be able to identify the 18 key bones of the body. All students will know the 3 functions of the skeletal system give sporting examples of the functions of the skeletal system over a variety of sporting contexts. All students will be able to identify the structure of synovial joints. Most will be able to identify the range of movements possible at a two different synovial joints giving examples within a sporting context. 6

Task 1 Get into a group of 3. You have 7 minutes to identify the 3 functions of the skeletal system & be able to explain the functions. (Page 152) Extension Give different sporting example of the different functions of the skeletal system. Use a variety of sport to demonstrate your knowledge.

Mini Review Functions of the skeletal system; Movement Support Protection Review with the group next to you sporting examples over a range of sports for the above.

Structure & Function of a joint Answer the following questions & complete the extension task if possible. What is the definition of a joint? A place where two or more bones meet. What is the function of a synovial joint? To create movement. Extension Can you identify two different classifications of joints other than synovial joints? Can you give examples of these joints?

Freely movable or synovial joints 90% of the joints in the body are synovial joints. They are freely movable. Synovial joints contain synovial fluid which is retained inside a pocket called the synovial membrane. This lubricates or ‘oils’ the joint. All the moving parts are held together by ligaments. These are highly mobile joints, like the shoulder and knee. Synovial fluid Synovial membrane Synovial joints offer a wide range of sporting movement. Knee

Slightly movable joints Slightly movable joints are sometimes called cartilaginous joints. The bones are separated by a cushion of cartilage. The joints between the vertebrae in the spine are cartilaginous joints. The bones can move a little bit, but ligaments stop them moving too far. This is why we can bend, straighten and rotate through the back, but not too far. bone cartilage bone Discuss with students the structure of the spinal column and why slightly moveable joints are the most suitable type of joint for the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine areas. Ask them why the sacrum and coccyx areas of the spine are fixed joints? Answer: for attachment of lower back muscles (Sacrum) and balance (coccyx). ligaments

Fixed or immovable joints There are fewer than 10 immovable joints in the body. They are sometimes called fibrous joints because the bones are held together by tough fibres. Immovable joints can be found in the skull and pelvis, where several bones have fused together to form a rigid structure. Fixed or immoveable joints such as those of the flat bones of the skull allow very slight movement – ask students why they should allow a little movement. Movement is necessary for expansion of the soft tissues of the brain and to absorb some of the force of impacts – if joints were completely fixed they might crack with an impact such as a blow on the head.

Task 2 - Synovial joints With your partner identify the following information. Two main types of synovial joints of the body which create movement. Examples of the different types of joints. The range of movements possible at the different types of joints (review p156 if needed).

Types of synovial joints Hinge Joints Hinge joints – as their name suggests – only allow forwards and backwards movement. Type of movement possible at the joint; Flexion Extension Examples: The knee and elbow. Elbow

Types of synovial joints Ball and Socket Joints In ball and socket joints, the rounded end of one bone fits inside a cup-shaped ending on another bone. Hip Ball and socket joints allow movement in all directions and also rotation. The most mobile joints in the body are ball and socket joints. Type of movement possible at the joint; Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction & Rotation. Examples: Shoulders and hips. Describe ball and socket joints at the hip and shoulder. Discuss the movements possible at these joints. How do they help during sport?

Review Face off challenge with your partner. Can you identify the following? 3 functions of the skeleton With examples within a sporting context 3 different classifications of joints? With examples Examples and range of movement of hinge joints An example of this joint being used within a sporting movement Examples and range of movement of a ball and socket joint

HOMEWORK Homework to be handed in. To be completed for next theory lesson or you will be attending H/W catch up club.