Skeletal System What is the process of bone formation? What are the structures of the long bones? What are the structures of the skeletal system?

Functions…. Support body and provides shape. Protects internal organs. Movement and anchorage of muscles- 1. Abduction and adduction 2. Circumduction and rotation 3. Flexion and extension 4. Pronation and supination Mineral Storage (calcium and phosphorus) Hemopoiesis- 1.White cells made in yellow marrow 2.Red cells made in red marrow The Human Body has 206 bones.

Bones Osteocyte Osteo = bone Cyte = cell Microscopic mature bone cells

Bone Formation: Embryo skeletal starts as osteoblasts (primative embryonic cells) – then change to cartilage. At 8 weeks, OSSIFICATION begins. (Mineral matter begins to replace cartilage) infant bones soft because ossification not complete at birth. Long bones grow in length and ossify from the center to the ends. Fontanel – Soft spot on baby’s head

Types of Bones Long bones Found in the arms and legs

Types of Bones Flat bones Bones of the skull Ribs

Types of Bones Irregular bones Spinal column

Types of Bones Short bones Wrist

Diaphysis – Shaft Epiphyses – ends Medullary Cavity – Center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fat cells, also cells that form white blood cells. Endosteum – lines marrow cavity Shaft is made of Compact bone – ends are spongy Bone, Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made. Structure of Long Bone Periosteum – tough covering of long bones, contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

Axial & Appendicular Skeleton Axial – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid Appendicular – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs

Skull 1 frontal 2 Parietal 2 Temporal 1 Occipital 2 Ethmoid 2 Sphenoid

This small U-shaped bone can be found amid the muscles of a human neck. Insignificant as it may seem, it serves a VERY important purpose: the hyoid bone allows human beings to speak! It helps to support your tongue and raise your larynx whenever you talk and swallow. The hyoid exists in other animals also, but humans are the only species where the location of their hyoid bone permits it to work together with the tongue and larynx to articulate a large variety of distinct sounds!

Skull 2 nasal 1 vomer 2 maxilla 2 lacrimal 2 zygomatic 2 palatine 1 mandible

Spine – Vertebral Column Encloses the spinal cord Vertebrae – separated by pads of cartilage=intervertebral discs 1.Cervical vertebrae (7)B 2.Thoracic vertebrae (12)L 3.Lumbar vertebrae (5)S 4.Sacrum-fused 5.Coccyx-fused *You eat breakfast at 7 am,lunch at 12 noon and supper at 5!

Ribs and Sternum Sternum divided into 3 parts-bottom tip is xiphoid process 12 pairs of ribs-first 7 are true ribs- connected to sternum by cartilage Next 3 are false ribs- cartilage connects them to 7 th rib (not sternum) Next 2 are floating

Appendicular Skeleton Clavicle- collar bone Scapula- shoulder blade Humerus-upper arm Radius and ulna-lower arm Carpals-wrist bones Metacarpals-hand bones Phalanges-fingers Pelvis-3 bones(ilium, ischium, and pubis Femur-upper leg, longest and strongest bones in body Tibia and fibula-lower leg Patella-kneecap Tarsal bones-ankle Calcaneus-heel bone Metatarsals-foot bones

Joints….are points of contact between 2 bones classified according to movement Bursa ◦ Fluid-filled sac that contains the synovial membrane ◦ Lined by synovial membrane Synovial Fluid – lubricating substance in joints.

Diarthroses = moveable joints Four types Ball and socket Hinge Pivot gliding TYPES OF JOINTS

Ball and Socket Joint Hinge JointsPivot JointGliding Joints Bone with ball shaped head fits into concave socket Example: shoulder and hip. Allows for greatest range of motion Move in one direction or plane. Example: Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers. Rotate on a 2 nd, arch shaped bone. Bones that rotate across each other Example: Radius and ulna Flat surfaces glide across each other. Example: Vertebrae of spine.

Amphiarthroses Partially movable joints

Synarthroses Immovable joints Connected by fibrous connective tissue Suture: immovable joint in skull

Test your gray matter… What lower arm bone is located on the thumb side of the hand? Patella, Tibia, Radius, ulna Which of the following is NOT classified as a cranial bone? Parietal, Sternum, Occipital, Temporal The medical term for the finger bones is: Carpals, Tarsals, Phalanges, Ulnas The medical term for the knee-cap is the: Patella, Calcaneous, Tarsals, Tibia crest The outer covering of the bone is the: Cartilage, Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Periosteum The largest bone in the body is the; Femur, Scapula, Pelvis, Sternum Another name for the breast bone is the: Scapula, Ulna, Sternum, Xiphoid process The shaft of a long bone is called the: Medulla, Epiphysis, Periosteum, Diaphysis Bones of the skull, spine and chest make up the: Appendicular skeleton, Axial skeleton, Dorsal skeleton, Ventral Skeleton

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the pelvis? Coccyx, Ischium, Ilium, Pubis The fluid that reduces the friction during joint movement is: Bursa fluid, Pleural fluid, Cerebrospinal fluid, Synovial fluid The process of blood cell information in the red bone marrow of bones is called: Erythrocytopenia, Hemopoiesis, Hemolysis, Leukoblastosis Dense bone is called compact bone and porous bone is called? Bone marrow, Spongy bone, Cartilage, Soft bone One function of the skeletal system is the storage of: Calcium, Iron, Chloride, Oxygen Bones are composed of microscopic cells called: Dendrites, Osteoclasts, Leukocytes, Osteocytes Chewing involves the use of which moveable skull bone? Maxilla, Zygomatic, Mandible, Parietal The areas where cranial bones join together to form immovable joints are called: Cranial seal, Sutures, Foramen, Fontanels What type of joint allows the greatest freedom of movement? Ball and socket joints,Pivot joints, hinge joints, Gliding joints

That’s all……