PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART F 5 The Skeletal System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Joints (ROM Terminology)  Flexion – movement that decreases the angle of the joint & reduces the distance b/w the two bones; (typical of hinge joints & ball and socket joints)  Extension – movement that increases the angle of a joint & the distance between bones (ex: straightening the knee); greater than 180– hyperextension  Abduction – movement of a limb away from the midline of the body  Adduction – movement of a limb toward the midline of the body  Rotation – movement of bone around its longitudinal axis (ball & socket joints/ atlas around axis)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Joints (ROM Terminology)  Circumduction – proximal end of limb remains stationary & the distal end of the limb moves in a circle  Pronation – movement of the palm of the hand from an anterior or upward-facing position to a posterior or downward facing position (radius & ulna move to form a “X”)  Supination – movement of the palm from a posterior position to an anterior position (anatomical position; radius & ulna are parrallel)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Joints (ROM Terminology)  Inversion – movement that results in the medial turning of the sole of the feet  Eversion – movement that results in the lateral turning of the sole of the foot  Dorsiflexion – movement of an ankle joint in a dorsal direction (standing on one’s heels)  Plantar flexion – movement of the ankle joint in which the feet is flexed downward (standing on one’s toes or pointing your toes)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Joints  Articulations of bones  2 Functions of joints  Hold bones together  Allow for mobility  Ways joints are classified  Functionally  Structurally

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional Classification of Joints  Synarthroses  Immovable joints  Amphiarthroses  Slightly moveable joints  Diarthroses  Freely moveable joints

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structural Classification of Joints  Fibrous joints  Generally immovable  Cartilaginous joints  Immovable or slightly moveable  Synovial joints  Freely moveable

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary of Joint Classes [Insert Table 5.3 here] Table 5.3

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Joints  Bones united by fibrous tissue  Most are immovable joints  2 Types  Sutures – irregular edges of bone interlock; united by short connective tissue fibers  Syndesmoses  Allows more movement than sutures  Example : Distal end of tibia and fibula

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Joints Figure 5.28a–b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints  Bones connected by cartilage  Slightly moveable  Example :  Pubic symphysis  Intervertebral joints

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints Figure 5.28c–e

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints  Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity  Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity  All are freely moveable  Makes up most of the joints of the body

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints Figure 5.28f–h

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4 Structural Characteristics of Synovial Joints  Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones  A fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces  A joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid  Ligaments reinforce the joint

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint  Bursae—flattened fibrous sacs  Lined with synovial membranes  Filled with synovial fluid  Not actually part of the joint  Tendon sheath  Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Synovial Joint Figure 5.29

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Figure 5.30a–c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Figure 5.30d–f

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6 Major Types of Synovial Joints  Plane Joint – essentially flat  Only short slipping or gliding movements  No rotation (ex: intercarpal joints of wrist)  Hinge Joint – cylindrical end of bone fits into a trough shaped surfaces  Are uniaxial (one axis); movement on 1 axis  Ex: phalanges, elbow joint, ankle joint  Pivot Joint – rounded end of bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone  Uniaxial joint; turns only around its long axis  Ex: atlas & axis ; radioulnar joint

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6 Major Types of Synovial Joints  Condyloid Joint – “knucklelike”; egg shaped articular surface fits into an oval concavity  Allows moving bone to travel (from side to side) &(back & forth)  Can not rotate aroud long axis  Biaxial (two axis)  Ex: metacarpophalangeal joints  Saddle Joints – have convex & concave areas like a saddle  Biaxial joint  Ex: carpometacarpal joints (thumbs); twiddling your thumbs

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6 Major Types of Synovial Joints  Ball & Socket Joints – spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another  Multiaxial joint  Most freely moveable synovial joints  Ex: Shoulder & Hip *Dislocation – when a bone is forced out of its normal position in the joint cavity

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints  Bursitis—inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction  Tendonitis—inflammation of tendon sheaths  Arthritis—inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints  Over 100 different types  The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clinical Forms of Arthritis  Osteoarthritis  Most common chronic arthritis  Probably related to normal aging processes  Rheumatoid arthritis  An autoimmune disease—the immune system attacks the joints  Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints  Often leads to deformities

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clinical Forms of Arthritis  Gouty arthritis  Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood  Can usually be controlled with diet

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System  At birth, the skull bones are incomplete  Bones are joined by fibrous membranes called fontanels  Fontanels are completely replaced with bone within two years after birth

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ossification Centers in a 12-week-old Fetus Figure 5.32

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  Fetus  Long bones are formed of hyaline cartilage  Flat bones begin as fibrous membranes  Flat and long bone models are converted to bone  Birth  Fontanels remain until around age 2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  Adolescence  Epiphyseal plates become ossified and long bone growth ends  Size of cranium in relationship to body  2 years old—skull is larger in proportion to the body compared to that of an adult  8 or 9 years old—skull is near adult size and proportion  Between ages 6 and 11, the face grows out from the skull

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Figure 5.33a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Figure 5.33b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  Curvatures of the spine  Primary curvatures are present at birth and are convex posteriorly  Secondary curvatures are associated with a child’s later development and are convex anteriorly  Abnormal spinal curvatures (scoliosis and lordosis) are often congenital

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Figure 5.16

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  Osteoporosis  Bone-thinning disease afflicting  50% of women over age 65  20% of men over age 70  Disease makes bones fragile and bones can easily fracture  Vertebral collapse results in kyphosis (also known as dowager’s hump)‏  Estrogen aids in health and normal density of a female skeleton

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Figure 5.34

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Figure 5.35