Chapter 15 Political Culture Lecturer: Tong Dezhi Tianjin Normal University College of Politics and Public Administration

Introduction  1. Conceptions of Political Culture 1. Conceptions of Political Culture  2. Structure of Political Culture 2. Structure of Political Culture  3. Types of Political Culture 3. Types of Political Culture  4. Function of Political Culture 4. Function of Political Culture  5. History of the Research 5. History of the Research

1. Conception of Political Culture  (1) Case: My Family Creeds (1) Case: My Family Creeds  (2) Conception Defined by Almond  (3) Other Conceptions (3) Other Conceptions  (4) Conclusion (4) Conclusion

(2) Conception Defined by Almond  Subjective orientation of political system  Elements:  Political cognizance  Political attitude  Political evaluation

(3) Other Conceptions  Political culture may be defined as the political psychology of a country or nation.  Political culture may be defined as the political psychology and political thought.  Political culture may be defined as the political psychology, political thought and political institution.

(4) Conclusion  Political culture is subjective orientation of a political system.

Elements of Political Culture (Almond)  COGNITION = empirical knowledge (how things are) Example: "A market economy is more productive than a planned economy. “  ATTITUDE = positive and negative feelings (how things feel) Example: “ President Bush is abominable ”  VALUE = normative belief (how things ought to be) Example: "Individual liberty should be the most important thing ”  IDEOLOGY = system of ideas Example: ” Liberalism is the good solution for the social problems ”

2.Structure of Political Culture Back

Elements of Political Culture (Inglehart)  Aim  Aims of country  Aims of respondent  Most important goals  Political system Political system Political parties Democracy  Attitudes concerning society  Political action Political action Who should decide  Others

10 Preference to Freedom or Equality *Footnote Source:Source

11 Preference to Order *Footnote Source:Source

Dimensions of political ideology  Increased spending on public housing  Employ minorities  Banning sexually explicit movies  Mandatory testing for AIDS

Four Types of Ideology

14 Cycle of the Elements Cognizance Attitude Value Ideology *Footnote Source:Source

3. Types of Political Culture System as General Objects Input Objects Output Objects Self as Active Participant Parochial 0000 Subject 1010 Participant 1111

3. Types of Political Culture  (1) participant, in which citizens understand and take part in politics and voluntary associations;  (2) subject, in which citizens largely obey but participate little;  (3) parochial, in which citizens have neither knowledge of nor interest in politics.

3. Almond's Three Publics  1. A general public of a majority. The kind of public does not know or care about much beyond their immediate concerns. For example, they show little interest in foreign policy unless the country is in a war or international crisis.  2. An attentive public of a minority. They are better educated and followed more abstract political concerns in the field of foreign policy.  3. A policy and opinion elite of a few highly influential people. They are involved in politics, often professionally.

18 Map of Civilizations *Footnote Source:Source

19 Types of Political Culture (Inglehart) *Footnote Source:Source

Cultural heterogeneity/ Sub-cultures Fragmented

Affect a Polity ’ s Stability  Political systems that possess cultures that are homogeneous with respect to regime and community are “ integrated. ” They are likely to be more stable than systems that lack such integration

Public Opinion  Democracy and Good Governance  Making Decisions  Public Policy

Public Opinion

5. History of the Research  Key scholars on political culture Key scholars on political culture  Key books on political culture Key books on political culture

Key Scholars on Political Culture  Gabriel Almond  Sidney Verba  Lucian Pye  Samuel Huntington  Robert Putnam  Ronald Ingerhart

Key Books on Political Culture  Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (1963)  Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture Revisited (1980)  Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (1993)  Samuel P. Huntington ， The Clash of Civilizations And The Remaking Of World Order (1996)  Robert Dahl, Ian Shapiro, and Jose Antonio Cheibub, The Democracy Sourcebook, Cambridge: the MIT Press, 2003, pp