The Middle East in Transition Chapter 27 “TOP TENS” Chapter 27

1. Pan Arabism Movement to unite all Arabs based on common language and culture Why? In reaction to western imperialism and westernization Create a world power to rival other world powers

Pan Arabism Obstacles to unity –Loyalty to own nation (Iraq, Syria, Egypt) –Too big geographically –Ethnic & religious rivalry –Economic gap between rich & poor nations

Pan Arabism

Differences in Governments Republic –People choose leaders to represent them –Elected officials on many levels run the country –Leader can turn into a dictator Monarchy –Leadership is passed on through family lineage –Leader can rule with advisors or alone

2. Monarchies in the Middle East

Saudi Arabia

Jordan

3. Republics in the Middle East

Egypt

IRAQ Officially was a republic when Hussein ruled the country Currently transitioning

Syria Republic under military regime

Turkey

Israel

Iran

4 Fundamentalism Belief that society should be based on the principles of one’s religion, esp. a literal interpretation of the scriptures

5. The 3 Characteristics of Fundamentalism

1. Desire to return to the values and traditions of their religion

2. Reaction to secularism and loss of traditions

3. Opposition to westernization. Western influences corrupt the society.

Westernization to Fundamentalism Western clothes, music, food, and cultural values conflicted with Islamic beliefs Countries returned to the beliefs in the Koran for laws (Sharia)

6. Sharia – Living by Islamic Law It is the sacred law of the Koran It is the official law of Saudi Arabia and Iran

Examples: Some Basic Rules of Sharia from Taking God's name before eating and drinking and using the right hand for the purpose. When meeting someone, saying As-Salamu Alaykum( السلام عليكم, literally: peace be upon you) and answering with Wa alaykumus- Salam.

Some Basic Rules of Sharia from When sneezing, saying Alhamdulillah (الحمد لله, literally: all gratitude is for only Allah) and person who listens, should respond with Yarhamukallah (literally: God have mercy on you).

Some Basic Rules of Sharia from Sharia does not allow freedom of speech on such matters as criticism of Muhammad. Such criticism is considered blasphemy against Muhammad.

Some Basic Rules of Sharia from In accordance with the Qur’an and several hadith, theft is punished by imprisonment or amputation of hands or feet, depending on the number of times it was committed

Some Basic Rules of Sharia from Women are required to cover all of their body, except face and hands. –Khumur – a scarf that covers the face –Hijab – head covering Men have a more relaxed dress code: the loins must be covered from knee to waist.

7. Extremism Islamists groups that use violence Al Qaeda claims to be using Islam to defeat enemies Attacks against US & Western nations War on Terror

8. Population Explosion Rapid population growth since 1960 (nearly 3x) Issue b/c of scarce water/resources

9. Scarcity Water  desalination attempts to freshen water to make more supply Land Reforms  redistributing land to landless peasants (not entirely effective)

10. Modern Nations Emerge Iran: 1979 Islamic Revolution  Ayatollah  Islamic Republic Egypt: limited oil resources, limited water  rely on agriculture  Aswan High Dam –? Islamic ideals vs. Westernization Turkey: ally of western nations, in NATO –Conflict between Turks & Kurds

Lebanon

Iran

Iran

Egyptian holding Koran

These fundamentalists allegedly bombed a German tour bus Egypt

Osama Bin Ladin

Afghanistan

Yigal Amir