Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title CT Scanner Presented by: Dr M A Oghabian Medical Physics Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Part …: (Add part number and title) Module…: (Add module number and title) Lesson …: (Add session number and title) Learning objectives: Upon completion of this lesson, the students will be able to: … . (Add a list of what the students are expected to learn or be able to do upon completion of the session) Activity: (Add the method used for presenting or conducting the lesson – lecture, demonstration, exercise, laboratory exercise, case study, simulation, etc.) Duration: (Add presentation time or duration of the session – hrs) Materials and equipment needed: (List materials and equipment needed to conduct the session, if appropriate) References: (List the references for the session) IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Computed Tomography CT uses a rotating x-ray tube, with the beam in the form of a thin slice (about 1 - 10 mm) The “image” is a simple array of x-ray intensity (Projections), and many hundreds of these are used to make the CT image, which is a “slice” through the patient IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

First generation CT Scanner (Rotate/Translate Pencil beam) Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title First generation CT Scanner (Rotate/Translate Pencil beam) 180 translational movement 180 Rotary movement 160 parallel rays across a 24 cm FOV Each 2 slices=4.5 min. Processing time=1.5min. IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Second generation CT scanners Rotate/Translate Narrow fan beam~10 degree Narrow fan beam~10 degree Linear array of 30 detectors 6 linear movement 6 rotary movement Scan time~ 18 Sec. IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Third generation CT Scanners (Rotate/Rotate , Wide fan beam) Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Third generation CT Scanners (Rotate/Rotate , Wide fan beam) Wide fan beam More than 800 detectors No translational motion Scan time ~ 0.5 Sec. IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

4th Generation CT Scanners Rotate/Stationary Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title 4th Generation CT Scanners Rotate/Stationary Fan beam geometry More than 4800 detectors IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Electron Beam Computed Tomography (EBCT) Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title - x-ray source is not x-ray tube but a focused, steered, microwave-accelerated EB incident on a tungsten target. - It has no moving parts . - Target covers one-half of the imaging circle; detector array covers the other half. - Images in less than 50ms. IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No EBCT(CONT’D) Module title There are 4 targets and 4 detector arrays resulting in 4 contiguous images simultaneously. The detector array may consists of two separate rings Each solid -state detector consists of a luminescent crystal and cadmium tungstate coupled with silicon photodiodes. Heat dissipation is no problem in EBCT. Developed for fast imaging. Used for cardiac imaging IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title A look inside a rotate/rotate CT Detector Array and Collimator X-Ray Tube IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Helical Scanning: Continuous Gantry Rotation Continuous Table Movement Continuous Data Acquisition One set of detectors Beam collimation = slice thickness Helical scanning goes by several different names, depending on which company that you happen to be talking to. <describe> Essentially they all describe the same concept, which a continuous movement of the table, coupled with continuous acquisition. In single slice spiral scanners, the X-ray tube emits a beam as it rotates around the patient. On the other side of the patient, opposite the tube, a set of detectors rotates in synchrony with the tube movement, registering the radiation that has passed thru the patient. In a single detector unit, the tube may emit a beam that is approx 5mm thick,and the detector unit is collimated to register that 5mm beam, leading to the creation of a single 5 mm thick image. Challenges: Tube cooling, and patient comfort – breathhold difficult. IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Comparison of data acquisition for axial and helical technologies. IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Reciprocating rotation (A) versus fast continuous rotation using slip-ring technology (B) IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

A Look Inside a Slip Ring CT Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title A Look Inside a Slip Ring CT Note: how most of the electronics is placed on the rotating gantry X-Ray Tube Detector Array Slip Ring IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title (A) Pitch =1 (B) Pitch = 2 IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Comparison of the accuracy of 3D reconstruction for conventional (A) and spiral/helical (B) CT scanning. IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

More New CT Features: Multislice Scanning Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title More New CT Features: Multislice Scanning IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Multislice CT, where up to 64 variable thickness slices can be collected simultaneously CT fluoroscopy, where the patient is stationary, but the tube continues to rotate 3-dimensional CT and CT endoscopy IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Clinical Benefits Of Multi-Slice Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Clinical Benefits Of Multi-Slice Multi-phase Organ Studies Liver – Pancreas Arterial, Renal Nephrogram Arterial Phase Scanning Hypervascular Tumors CT Angiography Multi-Plane Reconstructions, Contrast Enhancement New CT Applications CT fluoroscopy CT Colonography Cardiac: morphology, function Advanced Lung Analysis IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Detector Configurations Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Detector Configurations X-ray Tube Focal Spot X-ray Beam Collimator a 4 x 1.25 mm Detector Configuration 16-row Mosaic Detector Flex Connector A Flex Connector B Diode FET Switching Array IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources 6

Detector Configurations Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Detector Configurations X-ray Tube Focal Spot X-ray Beam Collimator 4 x 2.5 mm Detector Configuration 16-row Mosaic Detector Flex Connector A Flex Connector B Diode FET Switching Array IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources 6

Detector Configurations Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Detector Configurations X-ray Tube Focal Spot X-ray Beam Collimator 4 x 3.75 mm Detector Configuration 16-row Mosaic Detector Flex Connector A Flex Connector B Diode FET Switching Array IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Detector Configurations Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Detector Configurations X-ray Tube Focal Spot X-ray Beam Collimator 4 x 5.0 mm Detector Configuration 16-row Mosaic Detector Flex Connector A Flex Connector B Diode FET Switching Array IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources 6

Multi slice CT collimation Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Multi slice CT collimation 5mm 2,5mm 1mm 0,5mm IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Speed: Single vs. 4 Slice Chest Coverage Thickness Time (s) mA Abdomen/Pelvis Scan Time (s) Tube Load (mAs) Single Slice 235 mm 5 mm 31 240 255 mm 34 300 65 17,720 235 mm 5 mm 8 240 255 mm 9 300 17 4,725 4 slice IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No MULTISLICE SPIRAL CT Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Introduced at the 1998. They are based multiple detector. rows ranging between 8, 16, 24, 32 and 64 depending on the manufacturer. The overall goal is to improve the volume coverage speed performance. Complete x-ray tube/detector array rotation in less than 1s. Partial scan images can be obtained in approximately 100ms. IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

MULTISLICE IMAGING(CONT’D) Part No...., Module No....Lesson No MULTISLICE IMAGING(CONT’D) Module title ADVANTAGES Improved spatial resolution this advantage improved MPR,3D images. Reduction of radiation exposure. Motion artifacts are greatly reduced. Patient breathhold is much less demanding. Imaging larger z-axis volume in less time is possible with MI. Less contrast medium required. Because of imaging speed, coronary artery is comparable with EBCT. Improved accuracy in needle placement CT fluoroscopy. IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title CT Fluoroscopy Real Time Guidance Great Image Quality Low Risk Faster Procedures IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

REAL-TIME CT FLUOLOROSCOPY Part No...., Module No....Lesson No REAL-TIME CT FLUOLOROSCOPY Module title CT fluoroscopy acquire dynamic images in real time. Fast continuous imaging, fast image reconstruction & continuous image display. Patient movement is low during Tube rotation. Fast image Reconstruction algorithm is required. IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No CT ANGIOGRAPHY (CTA) Module title CTA allows maximum visualization of the pulmonary artery and its segmental braches. CTA requires low kVp and MA, for example 90Kvp/100mA. CTA employs MIP and MPR to maximum advantage. IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title 3D Stereo Imaging IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title Enhanced 3D IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part No...., Module No....Lesson No Module title CT Endoscopy IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

CT VIRTUAL REALITY IAMAGING Part No...., Module No....Lesson No CT VIRTUAL REALITY IAMAGING Module title The use of virtual reality is the creation the inner views of tubular structures. Offers both endoluminal and extra luminal information. It reduces complication (eg. infection and perforation). Four requirements: data acquisition image processing 3D rendering image display and analysis. IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources