The 4th Power Places and Forms of power How reliable are our sources of information today ? The media

What is it ? The Fourth Estate (or fourth power) is a societal or political force or institution whose influence is not consistently or officially recognized. "Fourth Estate" most commonly refers to the news media print journalism or « the press ». The term makes implicit reference to the earlier division of the three Estates of the Realm. This term has been used in a parliamentary debate in 1787 on the opening up of press reporting of the House of Commons of Great Britain First Power : The Clergy Second Power : French Nobility Third Power : The 97% rest of the population

Hillsborough disaster and its aftermath BBC England 19 December 2012 Although it remains the name of the ground of one of England's famous old football clubs, since 1989 the word Hillsborough has more strongly evoked Britain's worst sporting disaster. On 15 April 1989, at the start of an FA Cup semi-final, a crush on the steel-fenced terraces of Sheffield Wednesday's stadium resulted in the death of 96 Liverpool fans and left hundreds more injured. The inquiry into the disaster, led by Lord Justice Taylor, established the main cause as a failure of police crowd control.

Hillsborough Tragedy PQyk -> 8 mn PQyk How does the reporter define the tragedy ? Was it common to have a FA cup match in Hillsborough ? How many of them were waiting to get into the ground ? Was the move smooth ? violent ? Or tense ? Were the players concerned about what was happening at the beginning ? How many minutes later were they asked to stop the match ? At this stage was the police sure of what to do ? How did people escape the pressure ? They seek refuge on the terrace above, or on the pitch by opening the gates

Hillsborough Tragedy PQyk -> 8 mn PQyk Did people realize the extent of the problem ? They didn’t realize because there was no indication Whose friends had been injured ? Liverpool’s fans After 30 minutes what were people aware of ? There were people injured or even killed.

How reliable are our sources of information today ? Towards more transparency ? How to compare 2 texts At first sight 1. Without reading the texts, look at the names of the two authors. Say what you may know about them if they sound familiar for you. 2. Focus on the sources of both documents. From their titles, detect their nature ( informative, persuasive, imaginative ), types (extracts from …), common points and differences. 3. Focus on their dates of publication and imagine what the similarities and differences will be.

How reliable are our sources of information today ? Towards more transparency ? How to compare 2 texts And then 1. Read both text and take notes about the main ideas Find the key sentence which sum up the main topic in each document 2. Compare your notes with your first hypotheses 3. Focus on the similar sections on each document to prepare your comparison 4. Finally write a comparative paragraph to stress the similarities and differences between the two documents.