William H. Bowers – Understanding People Torres 3

William H. Bowers – Topics UI’s Are For People UI’s Are For People Ergonomics & Human Factors Ergonomics & Human Factors Ergonomics of Software Ergonomics of Software Short-term Memory Short-term Memory Intermediate-Term Memory Intermediate-Term Memory

William H. Bowers – Topics Long-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Information Processing Information Processing Physical Challenges Physical Challenges Other Factors Other Factors Sociological Ergonomics Sociological Ergonomics Implications on Design Implications on Design

William H. Bowers – UI’s Are For People Developers Developers Users Users

William H. Bowers – Ergonomics & Human Factors Physical factors Physical factors Psychological factors Psychological factors Sociological factors Sociological factors Cultural factors Cultural factors Ergonomic principles Ergonomic principles –Fit the person to the job –Fit the job to the person

William H. Bowers – Ergonomics of Software Sensation and perception Sensation and perception Learning and memory Learning and memory Attention and performance Attention and performance

William H. Bowers – Short-term Memory Easy retrieval Easy retrieval Small ( 7 ± 2 items) Small ( 7 ± 2 items) Retained by rehearsal Retained by rehearsal Extremely volatile Extremely volatile

William H. Bowers – Intermediate-Term Memory Tracks current processing Tracks current processing Non-permanent Non-permanent Semi-transient Semi-transient

William H. Bowers – Long-Term Memory Storage and retrieval takes effort Storage and retrieval takes effort Dependent on personal interpretation Dependent on personal interpretation Very large Very large Relatively permanent Relatively permanent Recognized more easily than recalled Recognized more easily than recalled

William H. Bowers – Information Processing Receive information Receive information Evaluate alternatives and outcomes Evaluate alternatives and outcomes Select course of action Select course of action

William H. Bowers – Physical Challenges Up to 5% of people have disabilities Up to 5% of people have disabilities Over 70% of people with disabilities use the Internet Over 70% of people with disabilities use the Internet Visual acuity Visual acuity Color blindness Color blindness Hearing disabilities Hearing disabilities

William H. Bowers – Physical Challenges ests/guidelines/typog_visual_impaired/ ests/guidelines/typog_visual_impaired/ ests/guidelines/typog_visual_impaired/ ests/guidelines/typog_visual_impaired/

William H. Bowers – Other Factors Age Age Learning styles Learning styles Thought styles Thought styles

William H. Bowers – Sociological Ergonomics No person (or application) is an island No person (or application) is an island Group dynamics Group dynamics Organizational behavior Organizational behavior Work pressures Work pressures Communication Communication Culture Culture Language Language

William H. Bowers – Implications on Design Use ergonomic hardware and UI styles Use ergonomic hardware and UI styles Remember the users (customers) Remember the users (customers) Keep expectations of users realistic Keep expectations of users realistic Use existing knowledge Use existing knowledge Facilitate learning Facilitate learning

William H. Bowers – Implications on Design Don’t overload short-term memory Don’t overload short-term memory Use long-term memory Use long-term memory Design for error tolerance Design for error tolerance Assist decision making and task flow Assist decision making and task flow Use system defaults and customization Use system defaults and customization Keep learning Keep learning

William H. Bowers – Questions & Discussion