Chapter 25 Vocabulary 1.Jane Addams 2.Booker T. Washington 3.W.E.B. Du Bois 4.Emily Dickinson 5.Megalopolis 6.Settlement house 7.Social gospel 8.Yellow journalism 9.Hull House 10.The Origin of the Species 11.Christian Science 12.NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) 13.Morrill Act 14.Comstock Law 15.Women’s Christian Temperance Union
Chapter 25: America Moves to the City
Louis Sullivan 1856 – 1924 Skyscraper “Form follows function!”
Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., NYC, 1897
Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899
Tenement House Act of 1879, NYC Dumbbell Tenement Floor Plan
“Dumbbell” Tenement
Immigrant Family Housing in Urban Cities
“Dumbbell” Tenement, NYC
Tenement Slum Living
Living quarters for men
Struggling Immigrant Families
Rent… 1892: - two rooms in an attic cost $3 -$5 per month –$71.85-$ three rooms (kitchen and two bedrooms) cost $6 -$12 per month -$ $ four rooms as described above cost $12 -$16 per month -$ $383.22
Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”
Hester Street – Jewish Section
Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC
Urban Growth:
Jane Addams Hull House– Chicago Nobel Peace Prize 1931 Sparks settlement house reform across the nation
Hull House 1893
Nativism rises again…
Statue of Liberty, 1876 (Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)
“Social Gospel” Dwight L Moody Taught on forgiveness Led social gospel movement Mediating: – Labor and capital – Science and faith – Religious and secular values
Salvation Army “Soldiers without swords” Came from England in 1879 Offered free soup 1 st US meeting in Philadelphia
YMCA/ YWCA John Mott Leader of YMCA in US Worked with Dwight L Moody Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1946
Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species Divided the church By 1920s Evolution becomes scientific main theory Conservatives stuck to the Bible as the infallible Word of God Others ignored the Bible and were known as “accomodationists”
Booker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Institute (Alabama) Taught African Americans useful trades and skills “economic independence was the key to political and civil rights Avoided teaching on social issues
George Washington Carver Became a professor at Tuskegee Agriculture Chemist Found many uses for peanut, sweet potato, and soybean
Dr. W.E.B. DuBois 1 st African American to get a PhD from Harvard Disagreed with Booker T Washington’s plans Helped found the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in 1910 Demanded “talented tenth” be given immediate access to mainstream America
College Growth Women’s colleges African American Colleges Morrill Act (1862) and Hatch Act (1887)
Philanthropy /Private Universities “stealing privately to give publically” – cynical view
Pragmatism Truth is to be tested above all by its practical consequences William James Embraced uncertainty and developed their philosophies around it Scholars often formed clubs to meet in… “metaphysical club”
Libraries and Education Andrew Carnegie “poor man’s university” Helped to educate the average American
Newspapers Sensationalism was promoted to increase sales Sex, scandal and other human interests were in the headlines “presstitutes” Pulitzer & Hearst … “stooped, snooped, and scooped to conquer”
Yellow Journalism William Randolph HearstJoseph Pulitzer
Hearst Castle (CA)
Associated Press Helped to curb the sensationalism and scandal publicizing practices of Hearst and Pulitzer News gathering not headline grabbing
Magazines Harper’s Atlantic Month Scribner’s Monthly New York Nation – Read by professors, pastors, publicists – Most influential magazine – Crusaded for civil-service reform and honesty in government
“Dime novels” Stories of the wild west Paperbacks attracted the youth of the nation Harlan F Halsey- wrote over 650 novels General Lewis Wallace- Ben Hur – Sold more than 2 million copies – Uncle Tom’s Cabin of the anti- Darwinists Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson also contributed to this period of literature
Mark Twain most enduring contribution to recapturing frontier realism and humor Huck Finn, Tom Sawyer Classic novels
Notable Authors Stephen Crane – Maggie Girl of the Streets – Red Badge of Courage William Dean Howells – Editor of Atlantic Monthly Kate Chopin – The Awakening Henry Adams – Historical stories
New Morality Victoria Woodhull – declared her belief in “free love” in 1871 Woodhull and Claflin’s Weekly Shocked the new morality in the nation with accusations that Henry Ward Beecher’s affair
Anthony Comstock- self-appointed defended of sexual purity Brings battle to women.. Desire for economic freedom Increase in birth control, divorce, and discussions of sexual topics
Families and Women in the City Cities were catalyst for increased familial problems – Divorce increased – Working families increased – Increased crowding in cities – More children = more mouths to feed Women became more independent – Charlotte Perkins Gilman- Women and Economics – Elizabeth Cady Stanton – Susan B. Anthony – Ida B. Wells
Women’s Independence Charlotte Perkins Gilman called on women to: – abandon their dependent status – contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy – Insist on having a ballot to vote on
National American Woman Suffrage Association Formed by militant suffragists in 1890 Pioneers included Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
Carrie Chapman Catt Stressed the desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to discharge traditional duties Women need a voice in urban situations on boards (public health, education, safety) Linked the ballot to the role of women
Prohibition National Prohibition Party Woman’s Christian Temperance Union France Willard Carrie Nation Anti Saloon League – 1893 “Saloon must go!” th Amendment is passed
Changes in Society Art and music begin to thrive Metropolitan Opera House of NY –1883
Phonograph Invented by Edison in 1900 Made music accessible to individual homes Over 150,000 homes had one Allowed jazz, blues, to be mainstreamed “canned music”
Vaudeville comedians Acrobats Singers Popular in the 1880s and 1890s
Entertainment Shows P.T. Barnum Circus Buffalo Bill’s Wild West – Annie Oakley – Live buffalo – Indians Baseball Basketball
William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Show
“Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Bull
Legendary Female Western Characters Calamity Jane Annie Oakley