Personal Development: the growth of enduring personality traits that influence the way individuals interact with their physical and social environments. Personal Development Parenting style, Expectations, Responsiveness Parents Heredity Environment Temperament Permanent traits (irritability, adventurousness, confidence, etc.) Peers Friendship, Attitudes, Values Remember that you get your heredity from your biological parents—so what is genetic and what is psychological is difficult to determine.

Bioecological model Bronfenbrenner’s theory describing the nested social and cultural contexts that shape development. Every person develops wihtin a microsystem, inside a mesosystem, embedded in an exosystem, all of which are a part of the macrosystem of the culture.

Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model of Human Development http://www.education.umd.edu/Depts/EDHD/geron/lifespan/6.html Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model of Human Development We are born with NEITHER negative or positive tendencies We are actively involved in self-development & the environment Person & environment are BOTH in a state of flux Nature & nurture are BOTH influential Can have qualitative and quantitative change Most development is NOT universal Many dynamic contexts: Social, Historical, and Cultural Development must be studied within social contexts In other words, development involves a complex relationship between the individual and the various aspects of his/her environment.

Families The families of your students have many structures, including blended families, where parents, children, and step-children are merged into families through remarriage. Divorce is a common and traumatic occurrence in children’s lives. They experience many unwanted and confusing changes. The first two years are the most difficult.

Parenting Styles Authoritarian—uses authority negatively (excessively controlling) Authoritative—uses authority positively (facilitates child’s growth) Authoritative: Control depends on needs of child (some children need more structure & others need less) Permissive, Uninvolved Authoritarian More control Control Less control Permissive, Uninvolved Authoritative Authoritarian Expectations High Expectations Low Expectations Authoritarian,Permissive, Uninvolved Authoritative Positive Child Response Negative Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive Uninvolved Important Importance of child to parent Unimportant

Culture influences parenting styles Some cultures have parenting styles that are more authoritarian (for reasons of safety, for example). Some cultures are more indulgent in their children than other cultures. Be aware of your own parents’ style and at the same time, recognize that whether or not someone else’s parenting is like that which you experienced, most of the time, parents have good intentions and they have good reasons for their style.

Vocabulary Autono-mous morality Crisis Identity achievement Punish-ment-obedience stage Social conventions Vocabulary Anorexia nervosa Develop- mental crisis Identity Integrity Moral realism Parenting styles Racial and ethnic pride Social develop-ment Autonomy Distributive justice Identity diffusion Internalization Moral reasoning Personal develop-ment Relational aggression Social problem solving Bioecological model Empathy Identity foreclosure Inter-personal harmony stage Morality of cooperation Perspective taking Self-concept Theory of mind Blended families External morality Industry Law and order stage Moratorium Proactive aggression Self-esteem Universal principles stage Bulimia Generativity Initiative Market exchange stage Nigrescence Psychosocial Self-worth Collective self-esteem Hostile aggression Instrumental aggression Moral dilemma Overt aggression Puberty Social contract stage