{ From Whence do Civil Rights Arise? A few acts of Government

 Amendment 14 – Equal Protection of the laws Constitution

 Jim Crow Laws  Civil Rights Act of 1964  Voting Rights Act of 1965  Open Housing Act of 1968  Education Act of 1972 (Title IX)  Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 “The Laws”

 Segregation by law (de jure)  Laws passed in South in late 1800’s, similar segregation occurred in North by custom  Plessy v. Ferguson  Legal segregation ends with Brown v. Board Jim Crow

 Made racial discrimination in areas of public accommodation (hospitality industry) illegal  Forbade discrimination in employment on basis of race, color, national origin, religion, gender  Allowed withholding federal money from institutions that practiced racial discrimination  Allowed Justice Department to initiate lawsuits to desegregate schools and facilities Civil Rights Act of 1964

 Some measures used to limit voting:  Grandfather clause – didn’t have to pass tests to vote if grandfather could vote in 1860  Poll taxes  “white primary” – only whites could participate in primary process  Difficult tests  V.R.A. Prohibited governments from using voting procedures that denied votes based on race and abolished literacy requirements for anyone who finished 6 th grade  Also sent federal registrars to areas of concern Voting Rights Act of 1965

 Forbids discrimination in sale/rental of housing Open Housing Act of 1968

 Forbids gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs – includes school athletics  Equal opportunity must be offered  Some interesting controversies – let’s chat Education Act of 1972 (Focus Title IX)

 Employers and public institutions must make “reasonable accommodations” to accommodate individuals with disabilities  Prohibit discrimination against same  Questions about what qualifies as “disability” Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990