Introduction to Clinical Psychology Science, Practice and Ethics Chapter 2 History and Recent Developments This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005

Ancient Roots Hippocrates (c ) Melancholy Phrenitis Mania hysteria Greek Philosophers Socrates ( ) Plato ( ) Aristotle ( )

Ancient Roots Yellow Emperor’s Book of Internal Medicine yin and yang Mental tests Medieval Europe Malleus Malifacarum Renaissance De Praestigiis Daemonum

18 th and 19 th Centuries: Laying the Groundwork Understanding Mental Disorders Measurement of Individual Differences Emergence of Scientific Psychiatry Hysteria and Psychological Determinism

Understanding Mental Disorders Psychiatry gains credibility as a branch of medicine Benjamin Rush ( ) Philipe Pinel ( ) Vicenzo Chiarugi ( ) Francis Willis ( )

Understanding Mental Disorders Moral Treatment Movement Philipe Pinel William Tuke ( ) Moral Treatment comes to U.S. Dorothea Dix ( )

Measurement of Individual Differences Sir Francis Galton ( ) Hereditary Genius (1869) measured individual differences James McKeen Cattell ( ) - first to use “mental test” - developed standards for psychological testing

Emergence of Scientific Psychiatry J. Langdon Down – Down’s Syndrome Ewald Hecker - hebephrenia General paresis – syphylis Emil Kraepelin ( ) - textbook on psychiatry – dementia praecox

Emergence of Scientific Psychiatry Improved classification Differentiation of mental retardation from mental illness Acceptance of non-biological causes of mental disorders

Hysteria and Psychological Determinism Jean Martin Charcot ( ) Piere Janet ( ) Sigmund Freud ( )

Freud’s impact on clinical psychology Psychoanalytic treatment Unconscious determinants of behavior – impact on psychological testing Psychological (non-biological) factors

Birth of the Discipline ( ) Rapid Growth of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt ( ) – 1875 William James ( ) – 1875 G. Stanley Hall ( ) James McKeen Cattell By 1900 – 40 psychology laboratories at US universities

Ligthner Witmer ( ) Established first psychological clinic in 1896 First to propose a helping profession within psychology Established the first clinical psychology journal – The Psychological Clinic Established first training program in clinical psychology

Alfred Binet ( ) Norm-referenced test of intelligence Valid items for test of intelligence Developed the Binet-Simon Scale – forerunner of modern intelligence test Mental age Scientist-practitioner

Childhood: WWI through WWII Army Alpha and Army Beta Stanford-Binet – 1916 (revised 1937) Wechsler-Bellvue – 1939 Rorschach – 1921 Thematic Apperception Test – 1938 MMPI

Childhood: WWI through WWII APA Growing Pains 1917 – AACP forms 1919 – AACP incorporated into APA as Section f Clinical Psychology 1921 – Ph.D. + published research 1926 – creates associate member status 1937 – AAAP formed 1939 – 618 member, 1909 associates 1942 – goals and membership qualifications change 1944 – AAAP votes itself out of existence, joins APA

Adolescence: Post WWII Need for clinical psychologists Training moneys become available Shakow Report Boulder Conference

Scientist- Practitioner Model Training in University Departments of Psychology Trained as Scientist and Practitioners Internship – 1 year of full-time practice Trained in diagnosis, research and therapy Original research required

Post-Boulder Training Growth NIMH, USPHS money available for doctoral training VA – money for internship training 1947 – 22 doctoral training programs in US 1949 – 42 doctoral training programs in US 1960 – 60 APA-accredited gradate training programs (55 NIMH funded)

Adulthood Training Psychotherapy Psychological Testing Professional Practice Specialization Growth

Training Miami Beach conference 1958 – Psy.D. proposed University of Illinois – 1968 – first Psy.D. program California Professional School of Psychology – 1969 Vail conference – 1974 – endorsement of Psy.D. as legit

Training: Backlash Salt Lake City, Utah – greater diversity in training - all graduate programs must be affiliated with regionally accredited university (not accepted by APA)

Training: Backlash Clinical Scientist Training proposed by Richard McFall, 1991.

Psychotherapy Client-Centered Therapy - Carl Rogers Behavior Therapy – Joseph Wolpe, Hans Eysenck, B.F. Skinner Cognitive-Behavior Therapy – Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck

Psychotherapy Last 50 years increasingly identified with clinical psychology Surveys – the most commonly engaged in activity by clinical psychologists

Psychological Testing 1960 – 1980 backlash against testing behavior therapy humanists poor psychometrics culturally insensitive

Psychological Testing: Consequences of Backlash Improved standardization Inclusive test items Proliferation of specific tests Revision of popular tests Improved guidelines for test users

Professional Practice Licensing vs. certification All states create licensing/certification laws Psychologists get third-party reimbursement Private practice grows Managed care

Specialization Division 12 – Society of Clinical Psychology: Sections II – Clinical Geropsychology III – Society of a Science of Clinical Psychology IV – Clinical Psychology of Women V. Clinical Psychology of Ethnic minorities VI. – Emergencies and Crises VII. – Association of Medical Psychology Section 1 – Clinical Child Psychology became Division 53 Section 5 – Society of Pediatric Psychology became Division 54

Growth Training 1969 – 70 APA accredited programs 1979 – – – over 200 Membership – over 50% APA members identify themselves as clinical 1990’s 9 of 10 APA presidents clinical psychologists