TUBERCULOSIS (TB) Ismail Akbar Shannay Sharma Dylan Doshi

INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person. TB mainly affects the lungs. However, it can affect any part of the body, including the glands, bones, and nervous system.

Causes Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Very contagious Natural body defences Latent TB Active TB

MAIN SYMPTOMS A persistent cough lasting for more than 3 weeks, which brings up phlegm (may contain blood). Weight loss Night sweats High temperature (fever) Tiredness & fatigue Loss of appetite Swellings that remain for a few weeks

Pulmonary symptomsExtra pulmonary symptoms o Persistent cough o Breathlessness that gets worse o Persistent swollen glands o Abdominal pain o Pain and loss in feeling of the affected bone and joint o Confusion o Persistent headaches o Seizures (fits) These sorts of symptoms are common in people with weak immune symptoms i.e. people with HIV The two types of TB infection are pulmonary and extra pulmonary. Pulmonary infections occur within the lungs whereas extra pulmonary occur outside the lungs, such as in the lymph nodes, bones, joints, the digestive system, the bladder, the reproductive system, and the nervous system (brain and nerves).

WHO’S MOST AT RISK? People who live, come from or spend time in an area with high TB Prolonged contact with a host of the infection Immunosuppressed patients (e.g. HIV) Patients undergoing treatment Young or old age Other health factors

Parts of the world that have high rates of TB include: Africa – particularly Sub-Saharan Africa (all the African countries south of the Sahara desert) and West Africa Southeast Asia – including India, Pakistan, Indonesia and Bangladesh Russia China South America The western Pacific region (to the west of the Pacific Ocean) – including Vietnam and Cambodia DEMOGRAPHICS

FIGURES WORLDWIDE TB was a major health problem before antibiotics were introduced. However, in the last 20 years TB cases have gradually increased, particularly among communities of ethnic minority who are originally from places with high rates of TB. In ,000 reported cases in the UK. Of these, more than 5,000 were affected people born outside the UK. It's estimated around one-third of the world's population is infected with latent TB. Of these, up to 10% will become active at some point. Estimated (2013): 9.0 million new TB cases. Estimated (2013): 1.1 million HIV-negative people died from TB and 0.36 million HIV-positive people died from TB.

TREATMENTS TB can usually be cured. Most people will need a course of antibiotics, usually for six months. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and a skin test called the Mantoux test. The BCG vaccine.

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