Closing remarks Roger Davies 1

HST: vital statistics Scientific transformation Why has Hubble been so successful? Closing remarks Outline 2

Thanks! 3 GMOS galaxy spectrum to Elena, Bob & Antonella and to the teams behind them!

Thanks! 4 GMOS galaxy spectrum Special Thanks to the ECF team for their dedicated effort to support slitless spectroscopy! Richard HookJeremy WalshJonas Haase Harald KuntschnerPiero RosatiMartin Kornmesser Martin KummelMarco LombardiKim Nilsson Brit SjobergFelix StoehrMichael Rosa Colleen SharkeyNor Pirzkal* Special Thanks to the ECF team for their dedicated effort to support slitless spectroscopy! Richard HookJeremy WalshJonas Haase Harald KuntschnerPiero RosatiMartin Kornmesser Martin KummelMarco LombardiKim Nilsson Brit SjobergFelix StoehrMichael Rosa Colleen SharkeyNor Pirzkal*

Edwin Hubble was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford where he read Law & Spanish!.

Vital Statistics as of last week! 6 GMOS galaxy spectrum Cost $18,000,000,000 and counting 9,169 refereed papers 326,138 citations 16,051 proposals submitted via the TAC 4,302 approved for Cycles ~ 3,600 FTEs of effort at STScI

Scientifically HST has changed everything in astronomy. 7 GMOS galaxy spectrum Prof. Danieli: `the most succesful enterprise in contemporary science’

Brown et al. Eris is ~5% larger and ~30% more massive than Pluto Eris & Dysnomia Altered our view of the physical content of the Solar System

The imaging and composition of exoplanets 9 GMOS galaxy spectrum NICMOS G141 & G206 Spectra of Exoplanet eclipse Swain, Tinetti et al. Nature

Stellar evolution 10 The triple main sequence in NGC 2808 Overabundances of helium (Y~0.30, Y~0.40) can reproduce the two bluest main sequences Piotto et al. 2007, ApJ, 661, L35 Astrometry!

Stellar populations and star formation history 11 GMOS galaxy spectrum WPC-3 ultra-violet imaging capability

NGC 4150 (S0 with residual SF) (Crockett et al. 2010) WFC3: F225W, F438W, F657N

N4150: Merger-Induced Populations 1Gyr population in the core, outer gas co-rotates, inner gas counter-rotates: core formation!! (Crockett et al. 2010) Stellar velocities Ionised gas velocities Stellar velocities

Supemassive black holes in galaxy nuclei 14 GMOS galaxy spectrum WPC-3 ultra-violet imaging capability FEEDBACK

Dark Matter 15 GMOS galaxy spectrum Gravitational lensing has proved to be a uniquely powerful method to probe the distribution of Dark Matter. Now we need a direct detection in the lab! (not HST’s problem)

Dark Energy 16 GMOS galaxy spectrum HST will continue to be the primary tool for high z SNae probes of dark energy. Measuring H 0 to ~ few % will tighten constraints on cosmological concordance. Measuring H 0 to 1% could be revolutionary

17 COS has unique ultra-violet spectroscopic capability

The physical conditions and content of galaxy halos 18 GMOS galaxy spectrum No longer limited to a few l-o-s to bright QSOs, we can now look at different types of galaxies & make the connection with galaxy evolution – in/outflows & feedback!

The tomography of the cosmic web 19 GMOS galaxy spectrum No longer limited to a few l-o-s to bright QSOs, we can now look where there are interesting features Wouldn’t John Huchra have been excited by this prospect!

WFC3 grism capability 20 GMOS galaxy spectrum

WFC-3 and the most distant galaxies 21 GMOS galaxy spectrum z = 7-8 galaxies WFC/IR vs. NICMOS

WFC-3 and the most distant galaxies 22 GMOS galaxy spectrum z= 7-8 galaxies are: Small Blue – no dust α =1.7 - low mass galaxies dominate some stars formed z>10 CANDELS & CLASH to come

Why has HST been so successful? 23 GMOS galaxy spectrum Well obviously because it does great science! Prof. Danieli: `the most successful enterprise in contemporary science’

Why has HST been so successful? 24 GMOS galaxy spectrum HST accomplishments are more widely recognized among the public than: Prof. Danieli: `the most successful enterprise in contemporary science’ the Human Genome project, magnetic materials that make iPod’s possible, cancer therapies WHY?: there wasn’t a fortune to be made

Why has HST been so successful? 25 GMOS galaxy spectrum Funding : It has been funded at a level that has enabled new instruments, refurbishment of the telescope infrastructure, and exploitation of the data even theory!

Why has HST been so successful? 26 GMOS galaxy spectrum Great Pictures: Science as Art

Why has HST been so successful? 27 GMOS galaxy spectrum It is unique & we prize access to it. Time allocation modes: Key projects GTO time GO programmes Snapshots, ToO Allocations to small & large programmes Treasury programmes Directors Discretionary Time Multi-Cycle Treasury programmes Plus conflict of interest protocols HST TAC is a exemplar of how to distribute a scarce and valuable resource

Why has HST been so successful? 28 GMOS galaxy spectrum It is unique and therefore used with almost every other facility. Chandra + Newton XMM Spitzer + Herschel Keck, VLT, Gemini, Subaru etc. eVLA, VLBA, etc. JCMT, PbB, soon ALMA Corot, Kepler

Why has HST been so successful? 29 GMOS galaxy spectrum There has been a HUGE effort at outreach & education

Why has HST been so successful? 30 GMOS galaxy spectrum It has captured the imagination of the media and the public because it has been a human drama : Challenger accident Spherical aberration COSTAR Columbia accident Refurbishment missions The astronauts are brave pioneers

What do Bob Fosbury & HST have in common? 31 GMOS galaxy spectrum

Hubble gives us a unique new perspective on the Universe and our place in it. 32 GMOS galaxy spectrum Earth as seen from Saturn by Cassini