Chapter 27 AMERICA AND THE WORLD, 1921–1945

Failure of Treaty of Versailles  1923 – German presses produced 400,000,000,000,000,000 marks/day  Loaf of bread cost 4 million marks  Hitler came to power  Mussolini came to power  1930s- militarists in power

Isolationism  U.S. refused to be bound by any agreement to preserve international peace  U.S. never joined the League of Nations  Depression shifted focus to domestic affairs

FDR’s "Good Neighbor" Policy  Cooperation in trade  Renounced past imperialism

Nye Committee  1935: Senator Gerald Nye led passage of neutrality legislation – U.S. trade/loans with nations at war prohibited  Japan invaded China  FDR permitted sale of arms to China

War in Europe  FDR approved appeasement of Hitler  July, 1939: FDR attacked neutrality acts

The Road to War  U.S. remained at peace 1939–1941  Roosevelt openly expressed favor for Allies, moved cautiously to avoid outcry from isolationists  1939–1941: FDR sought help for England without actually entering the war

From Neutrality to Undeclared War  U.S. greatly increased military spending and began a first-ever peacetime draft  U.S. ships transported war supplies  Lend Lease aid to England  U.S. Navy told to shoot submarines on sight

The Election of 1940

Showdown in the Pacific  Japanese invasion of Indochina prompted U.S. to end all trade with Japan –Cut off steel, iron, oil

December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor attacked  Dec. 8, 1941 – FDR addressed Congress –By that afternoon, Congress voted to declare war on Japan –Germany and Italy declared war on US  2,403 American deaths –68 civilians –1,178 wounded –1,177 dead from USS Arizona alone

Wartime Partnerships  U.S.-English alliance cemented by personal friendship between FDR and Churchill  Stalin + Soviet Union unsatisfied with alliance –Perceived itself as alone in conflict

War in the Pacific  Two-pronged drive against Japan – Led by MacArthur + Nimitz  A turning point: –June, 1942: Victory at Midway launched advance into Japanese-held territories –Japanese lost 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser, 250 planes –Allies began island hopping- winning back territory island by island

War in the Pacific

World War II in the Pacific

The Election of 1944

War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy  Soviets did bulk of fighting against Germany –Over 10 million military deaths –Decided to control Eastern Europe to prevent another German attack  United Nations created

The Big 3 at Yalta

Important Conferences of the Big 3  Tehran Conference (1943) – planned final strategy for war against Germany –Stalin wanted a second front opened in Western Europe  Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) – agreement let Soviets control elections in Eastern Europe in exchange for agreeing to declare war on Japan  Potsdam Conference (July 1945) – discussed establishment of post-war order, peace treaties, and effects of war, after V-E Day (May 8) –Truman attended instead of FDR

Victory  June 6, 1944: Normandy Invasion (D- Day)  May 8, 1945: Unconditional German surrender (V-E Day)  Manhattan Project –August 6: Atom bomb destroyed Hiroshima –August 9: Atom bomb destroyed Nagasaki  August 14: Japan surrendered (V-J Day)

Invasion on the Beaches of Normandy

World War II in Europe and North Africa

Japanese Internment

The Home Front  War ended depression  Economy geared for military output  Automobile factories converted to tank and airplane production  Women moved into the workplace  Scarce goods rationed  Rosie the Riveter – image used to attract women to wartime work force

Rationing  = fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for military  Meant to distribute scarce items fairly  Households received ration books w/ coupons to buy meat, shoes, sugar, gas, etc.