The Spark: Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary

The Teams Allied Powers –Belgium –Serbia –England –Russia –France –Later Italy, and U.S. and Japan BSERF Central Powers –Bulgaria –Ottoman Empire –Germany –Austria-Hungary BOGA

The Coaches Czar Nicholas II, Russia, George Clemenceau, FR David Lloyd George, GB Woodrow Wilson, US Allied Powers Central Powers Franz Joseph, A-H Wilhelm II, Germany

Playing Field

Eastern Front –Mostly in Russia, along the German/Russian border –Type of Fighting: More mobile –Problems: No clear winner –Battle lines changed often (fluid) Western Front –Mostly in France, along German/French Border –Type of Fighting: Trench Warfare –Problems: Stalemate, War of Attrition –Stalemate – deadlock, where neither side gains an advantage –War of Attrition – no quick victory; each side tries to wear the other side down

German Plans to Attack France

1 st Play: Schieffen Plan Schlieffen Plan – war plan for Germany, created by Alfred von Schlieffen Plan to avoid a two front war Attack France through neutral Belgium Defeat French in 6 weeks before Russia can mobilize Turn and fight Russia Problems: Heavily fortified areas in Belgium Strong resistance from France Russia mobilized quicker Britain attacked from the north

Which of the following describes the fighting on the western front? 1.Trench warfare, Neither side could attain a clear victory 2.Mobile, Changing Battle lines 3.Fought primarily in Russia, Neither side could achieve a clear victory 4.Fought primarily in Serbia and Austria Hungary

Which of the following correctly represents the Allied Powers 1.Austria-Hungary, Italy, Germany, 2.Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Belgium 3.Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire, Germany, Austria-Hungary 4.Russia, France, Great Britain, Germany

Which of the following describes the Schlieffen Plan and its failure? 1.France’s plan to defeat Germany quickly; Belgium mobilized to quickly 2.Germany’s plan to avoid a two front war; Russia mobilized too quickly 3.Austria-Hungary’s plan to attack Serbia; Russia mobilized too quickly

1 st Game: Battle of the Marne German’s advance into France Pushed back by French at Marne Stalemate and Trench Warfare begin Ends the Schlieffen Plan  Neither side could attain a clear victory

Trench Warfare

Diagram of the Trenches

Trench System

French soldiers firing over their own dead All Quiet on the Western Front – Trench Warfare Do you think we have enough food and supplies to outlast them? These lines haven't moved for a year! Do you think we have enough food and supplies to outlast them? These lines haven't moved for a year! No-Mans land

Battle of Verdun German attack on French Longest battle of WWI (300 days) Total casualties – 700,000 No clear winner Stalemate

Battle of Somme British/French surprise attack against Germans British losses 1 st day – 60,000 men Total Casualties – 1Million+ Stalemate - Neither side achieved a clear victory

1 st Game Eastern Front Battle of Tannenberg Russia vs. Germany Russian Advantages –Largest army (15:1 ratio Russian to German) Not well trained Lacked weapons Russian Disadvantages –Least industrialized –Lack of Modern Technology Who won?

Battle of Gallipoli

Britain’s (Winston Churchill) Game Plan : –Open supply route to Russia –Capture Dardanelle Straight gaining access to Black Sea –Eliminate the Ottoman Empire from the war Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire – promised land by A-H to defend Dardanelle’s at all cost Allies fail

Dogfights

U-Boat

Poison Gas

Tanks

America Enters WWI

US Entry into WWI

3 Reasons for US Entry 1.Sinking of the Lusitania 2.Zimmerman Note 3.Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

1.Sinking of the Lusitania –German u-boat torpedoes British passenger ship off Irish coast –1200 die, 128 Americans

2. Zimmerman Note Note from German Foreign Minister to German Ambassador to Mexico –Convince Mexico to go to war against US –If U.S. lost, Mexico was promised to gain territory lost in Mex- Am War –Prevent U.S. from joining war in Europe

3. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare German u-boats sink military, passenger, and merchant ships on sight 4 US ships sunk between Jan-Mar 1917 US declares war: April 2, 1917

America Prepares for War

What is the objective of this poster? 1.Recruitment of Soldiers 2.Financing the war effort 3.Conservation of Resources 4.Uniting the country

What is the purpose of this WWI Poster? 1.Recruitment of Soldiers 2.Financing the war effort 3.Participation in home front organizations 4.Uniting the country

Causes of the Russian Revolution Famine Oppressive Government Economic Hardship F.O.E

Causes of the Revolution Rasputin

Rasputin’s Letter to the Tsar "I write and leave behind me this letter at St. Petersburg. I feel that I shall leave life before January 1...If I am killed by common assassins, and especially by my brothers the Russian peasants, you Tsar of Russia, have nothing to fear, remain on your throne and govern, and you, Russian Tsar, will have nothing to fear for your children, they will reign for hundreds of years in Russia...if it was your relations who have wrought my death, then no one in the family, that is to say, none of your children or relations, will remain alive for more than two years. They will be killed by the Russian people...You must reflect and act prudently. Think of your safety and tell your relations that I have paid for them with my blood. I shall be killed. I am no longer among the living."

The Russian Revolution = 7 Key Events 1.March Revolution Rioting over a lack of food and fuel. (Clip-fall/Tsar)Clip-fall/Tsar Government orders troops who are sent in to break up the riots The Soldiers refused to fire, and join the rioters. Note: the March Revolution is not organized by the revolutionary intellectuals but by working people.

The Russian Revolution = 7 Key Events 2. Abdication The Czar (Nicholas II) gives up the thrown Giving up the thrown is also known as abdication This ends the 300 year Romanov Rule A new government will begin…

The Russian Revolution - 7 Key Events 3. Provisional Government Established Democracy – legislature made up of the middle class –Alexander Kerensky – Prime Minister –Big Mistake = didn’t withdraw from the war –Challenged by Petrograd Soviet Workers Menshevik = Believe workers should lead revolution, so need to wait for Russia to be more industrialized Bolshevik = want immediate change through force by revolting against noblemen/lords and middle class

The Russian Revolution - 7 Key Events 4. November Revolution = Bolshevik Revolution Bolshevik Beliefs –small number of intellectuals lead a radical revolution against Noblemen/Lords and middle class Lenin – leader of Bolsheviks –Promised “Peace, Land, and Bread” –Withdraw from war, all peasants given land, everyone would have enough to eat

The Russian Revolution -7 Key Events November Revolution Continued… Coup d’etat – sudden overthrow of government (Provisional government in Russia) by people from within a country Socialist State –Workers control of factories and mines –Land distribution to peasants –End private property –Create Equality Communists – name given to Bolsheviks based on the ideas of Karl Marx – stresses total economic equality

The Russian Revolution - 7 Key Events 5. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk = Treaty to end fighting between Germany and Russia in WWI.  Reasons Russia gets out: Lenin/communists take Absolute Power Large number of troops being killed Food shortages throughout the country Wanted to focus on stabilizing the economy and creating equality Russia loses much of Western territory and 1/3 of population to Germany Germany can concentrate on Western Front – ends 2-Front war

The Russian Revolution = 7 Key Events 6. Civil War ( ) = Reds (also known as communists) VS Whites (Army – supporters of the Czar) Leon Trotsky – communist leader of the Red Army –Used force and education to promote loyalty to communism Whites – received military aid from the Allies and the United States – why? Villages burned, workers and peasants starved, economy worsened Lenin/Communists gain control by 1921

The Russian Revolution = 7 Key Events 7. Imperial Execution (1918) = Czar Nicholas II and his family executedCzar Nicholas II and his family executed

Summary of Russian Rev - AKA Bolshevik Rev Cause: F.O.E. –Famine, Oppressive Govt, Economic Hardship Bolsheviks – radical group that used force to overthrow nobles/lords and middle class –Lenin’s Promise: Peace, Land, Bread –Establish a Socialist Govt (Call it communist). Goal: Economic system that stresses equality of all citizens Eliminates private ownership of businesses, gives peasants land (from nobles/lords), and workers control of factors) –Gets Russia out of WWI Food and Fuel Shortages Large number of Soldiers Dying Lenin took control of Govt. New Govt. wants to stabilize economy and govt.

What were the causes of the Russian Revolution 1.The desire to have a democracy like the United States 2.Oppressive Government, Famine, Harsh Economy 3.Success in World War I against Germany and Austria Hungary 4.The wanted to become a world power

What was the goal of the Bolsheviks? 1.To develop an economic system based on capitalism 2.To develop an economic system based on economic equality for all citizens 3.To develop an economic system based on individual ownership of property 4.To develop a free market economy

Why did Russia get out of WWI? 1.Food and Fuel Shortages 2.Many soldiers dying 3.Lenin took control of the government 4. The communists wanted to stabilize the economy and the government 5.All of the above

Global War Resources and soldiers from colonies Fought in Asia and Africa British get help from Middle East colonies of Ottoman Empire

Global War What did imperialized nations want? 1.Citizenship OR 2.Independence What was the outcome? –Didn’t gain independence, German colonies became part of the victors empires

End of War An Armistice was signed on 11/11/18 at 11:00 am Armistice – an agreement to stop fighting at a certain time

Civilian and Military Deaths Russia3,700,000 France1,700,000 Great Britain 995,000 United States 117,000 Germany 2,400,000 Austria1,500,000 Ottoman E. 2, 900,00 Total Deaths 29M Total Casualties 37M Which country had the most deaths? Can you guess which countries had the most civilian deaths? Russia and Ottoman Empire – Why?

Wilson’s Fourteen Points Three Goals: 1.Ensure lasting peace 2. Right to choose government 3. League of Nations – International body of representatives from each country with the purpose of maintaining peace

Why did the U.S. not join the League of Nations? Congress feared it would drag us into another war –What impact do you think the U.S.’s failure to join had on the League of Nations, if any? –The League was weakened without this major power not joining

Paris Peace Conference 1.Peace of Paris - 5 Separate Peace Treaties 2.Central Powers = not invited 3.Big 4 = Allied Powers: Great Britain, US, France, Italy

Treaty of Versailles Germany got a R.A.W. Deal R.eparations – payments to victors for war damages ($33B) A.llied Punishments –De-militarized Germany –Took Germany’s colonies –Gave Alsace Lorraine to France –Took Saar Basin (coal supplies) –Took Rhineland (buffer zone) W.ar Guilt – Germany had to accept total blame for the war R. A. W.

German Reply to TOV The German Reply “When the territorial clauses of the Peace Treaty go into effect Germany will lose in the East the most important regions for the production of wheat and potatoes, and this would be equivalent to a loss of twenty-one percent of the total harvest of these foodstuffs.” “…the Peace Treaty provides for the loss of almost a third of the production of our coal fields…In addition, Germany will cede to her neighbors almost three –quarters of her ore production and three-fifths of her production of zink.” “…Germany will no longer be in a position to import raw materials in sufficient quantities from abroad…an enormous part of German industry would thus be condemned to extinction.” “In a very short time Germany would no longer be in a position to furnish bread and work to her many millions of persons forced to earn their daily bread…The enforcement of the Peace Conditions would entail the loss of several million persons in Germany”. “Those who sign this treaty will sign the death sentence of many millions of German men, women and children.”

Map of Europe Re-drawn Yugoslavia – Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia Created by the Congress Of Vienna - created nationalistic Feelings; Balkan Peninsula – “Powder Keg of Europe”

WW I Causes WW II

Which of the following was not a condition of the Treaty of Versailles 1.Germany must take complete blame for the war 2.Germany must pay reparations 3.German colonies will become independent 4.Germany must de- militarize

Which of the following is true regarding the League of Nations? 1.It was to act as a police force around the world 2.It was to act as a world court 3.It was to maintain international peace 4.The U.S. didn’t join 5.Both 1 and 2 6.Both 3 and

Which country was Yugoslavia made from 1.Germany 2.Russia 3.Austria-Hungary 4.Ottoman Empire

Why was WWI a cause of WWII 1.It created resentment and anger among Russians 2.It created anger and resent among Germans 3.It was meant to be a peace among equals, but failed 4.The US took too much territory