Richard Taylor: ON THE ORIGIN OF GOOD AND EVIL

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Presentation transcript:

Richard Taylor: ON THE ORIGIN OF GOOD AND EVIL Morality is not transcendental, but a naturalistic reality. It originates in the fact we have desires and what Taylor calls “felt needs” We are CONATIVE BEINGS If there are no desires, there are no values & no good or evil Compare with Hobbes? Nietszche? Plato?

Taylor’s “4 Worlds” Taylor is presents us with 4 worlds to support his argument that good/bad and good/evil are tied. to our being Conative, or people with “felt needs”. He proposes 4 worlds, gradually adding conditions to see what is necessary for good/bad and good/evil to be present in the world. He make some claims about rationality that we will want to examine carefully.

World One: There would be no concept of good/evil Imagine the world as it is, but without any living thing capable of reacting to the world There would be no concept of good/evil In fact no difference between a beautiful and a harsh world Nothing is better or worse – it is just a world of facts

World Two: Imagine a world with people like ourselves… rational, intelligent and capable of perception, but these people don’t have needs, purposes or desires. [They are mechanical beings.] There would still be no concept of good and evil. QUESTION: How is rationality related to purpose? Is rationality only true/false & inferences as Taylor seems to suggest? Is rationality independent of needs?

World Three: Add one sentient being. A being for whom “what he finds makes a difference” [definition of sentient”?] Now we get the notion of good and evil – but NOT the idea of moral right & wrong. Furthermore: Good and Evil are absolute to that person. And there is no sense of “moral obligation” [Why not?]

World Four: Add another sentient being and we get moral right and wrong – Why? Because aims and purposes can conflict They both can want the same thing But their aims and purposes can also coincide [compare with Hobbes]

Right and Wrong are relative to rules In order to satisfy the needs and fulfill goals for more than one person rules are needed. Rules = ways of behaving/”practices” The “rational element” is that one choice available avoids an “evil” Compare with Hobbes? Nietzsche? Plato?