The Romans

I. Background Information Italians came into contact w/ the Greeks when the Greeks sailed along the coast –Set up colonies in the South –The Greeks introduced their alphabet Italy was the ideal center for trade Neolithic cultures existed around 5000 B.C. Indo-Europeans 1500 B.C. 500 B.C. –Lower classes revolted – led by Latins

Influence of the Etruscans § Writing § Religion § The Arch

II. The Rise of Rome Legend of Romulus/Remus Factual start ( B.C.) – Latins agreed to form one community Etruscan Rule (the Tarquins) –Provided kings; were driven out in 509 B.C. Social Groups –Patricians: Latin nobles; declared Rome a republic –Plebeians: wealthy non-nobles (majority of pop.) The Roman Republic (two branches of govt.) –Legislative: The Assembly of Centuries & Senate –Executive: headed by two consuls Dictators in time’s of crisis

Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

III. Roman Life Government: Plebeians vs. Patricians –Plebeians resented their lack of power –494 B.C. plebeians refuse to join military –Tribunes were selected to represent plebeians –The Twelve Tables: basis of all Roman Law All free citizens had a right to the law’s protection Family: basic unit of Roman society –Men: absolute head of the household Could sell family members to pay a debt Felt deep responsibility for welfare of family –Women: had few legal rights More freedoms than Greek women Wealthy women could gain some education

Carthaginian Empire

IV. Roman Expansion Military: organized into legions (smaller) –Very disciplined; able to conquer w/ ease First Punic War: ( B.C.) –Carthage threatened to seize Strait of Messina –Used land tactics on ships (grappling hooks) Second Punic War: (221 B.C.) –Hannibal tried to invade from the North –Scipio forced Hannibal to retreat to Africa –Defeated Hannibal at Zama – pay an indemnity Third Punic War: (146 B.C.) –Rome entered Carthage and burned it to the ground –Scattered survivors into slavery

V. Roman Crisis and Reform 130 B.C – Rome controlled the Med. region Social discontent was a growing problem –Unemployment increased –100 B.C. – slaves made up 30% of the population –Wealthy enlarged their latifundia (estates) –Widening of the social gap Reform Efforts –Gracchus Brothers: limit the size of latifundias and redistribute land to the poor –Marius: became consul in 107 B.C. Wanted the poor to serve in the military B.C. – slave revolt led by Spartacus

VI. Julius Caesar ( B.C.) Allied with Pompey & Crassus: 1 st Triumvirate Military victories = advancement of career –Took command in Gaul –Crossed the Rhine and fought Germanic tribes Positives from time in Gaul : –Away during times of disorder/corruption –Became wealthy from conquests –Gained support of soldiers (pay and promotion) Hailed as a hero by the lower classes

VI. Julius Caesar (continued) 50 B.C. – Crassus was killed in battle 49 B.C. – the Senate ordered Caesar to surrender his army and return to Rome –Crossed the Rubicon: “No Turning Back” –Defeated Pompey in Greece 45 B.C. – took over Rome’s govt. as dictator –Great Ruler or Tyrant? Crushed opposition, but treated them mildly 44 B.C. – Cassius and Brutus had him killed His changes to centralize the govt. were never reversed

Beware the Ides of March! - 44 BCE

VII. Octavian (Caesar Augustus) Joined forces with M. Antony & M. Lepidus –Second Triumvirate – avenge Caesar’s death –Divided the Roman Empire among themselves Lepidus was forced to retire Antony married Cleopatra –Octavian convinced the Senate that Antony intended to rule on his own with Cleopatra at his side 31 B.C – Octavian defeated Antony at Actium –Became the undisputed ruler of Rome –“the first citizen” avoided being the king/dictator

VII. Octavian (continued) His rule marked the beginning of an “Empire” Was appointed consul, tribune, and commander for life 27 B.C. – gave himself the title “Augustus” - The Majestic One Was interested in the arts/architecture in Rome –“… I found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble.”

VIII. Pax Romana (31 B.C. – A.D. 180) Time of “peace” in the Roman Empire Family became less significant Middle-class able to gain more money/power Majority of the population was still poor –Harsh overcrowded conditions –“Free bread and circuses” lessened revolts –130 holidays a year Architectural Advances –Circus Maximus –Colosseum –Pantheon (rebuilt by Hadrian) –Aqueducts and network of roads were very advanced

Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

The Appian Way

Roman Aqueducts

The Roman Colosseum

The Colosseum Interior

Circus Maximus

IX. Emperors Julio-Claudians (members of Caesar’s family): –Tiberius: able leader; accused people of treason –Caligula: became mentally ill; killed by a guard –Claudius: renowned scholar; difficulty focusing –Nero: cruel and “insane”; persecuted the early “Christians”; sentenced to death for treason Good Emperors (administrative skills): –Trajan: increased the size of the Empire –Hadrian: strengthened the frontier –Antonius Pious: maintained prosperity –Marcus Aurelius: “the philosopher ruler”; brought the empire to its height of prosperity

X. The Roman Empire Imperial Rule: –Augustus improved the working or the empire; kept the Senate “uninvolved” –Augustus appointed himself Pontifex Maximus The Law: –jus gentium: law that dealt with noncitizens –jus civile: law that dealt with citizens –Formed the basis for Church and Western law An Imperial Army: –Standing army was reduced in size due to peace –A.D. 160s – invasions by outsiders become a problem

X. The Roman Empire The Economy: –Artisans made commodities that were sold throughout the empire –Traded commodities for “luxury” goods Educational Advances/Accomplishments –Galen: Formed the basis of Roman medical science which influenced medicine for the next 1400 years –Ptolemy: Egyptian astronomer whose work later allowed others to predict the planets’ motions

XI. The Rise of Christianity Christianity was practiced in the Med. region –Jews were oppressed under Roman rule –Hoped for a “messiah” to deliver them Jesus of Nazareth (ministry = A.D ) –Preached that God was loving/forgiving to all –Controversy troubled Roman and Jewish officials –Pontius Pilate sentenced him to crucifixion Believed that Jesus’ teachings would die with him –A.D. 100 – Gospel preached in all of Roman Empire Jews and Gentiles both began to est. churches

XI. Rise of Christianity (continued) Two Main Disciples –Peter: primarily ministered to the Jews Believed that he founded the church in Rome Crucified upside down –Paul: primarily ministered to Gentiles Was once a persecutor of “Christians” Nero had him beheaded Persecution of Early Christians –Taught that their religion was the only way –Were accused of treason (did not honor emperor) –Often were killed as martyrs (in the Colosseum) –Christianity was mainly practiced in the cities

The Spread of Christianity

XII. Roman Adoption of Christianity A.D. 312 – Constantine led his army into battle under the sign of the “flaming cross” A.D. 313 – Edict of Milan –Allowed for freedom of religious worship A.D. 325 Council of Nicaea –Decided on official doctrine/teachings –Jesus had both human and godly qualities A.D. 392 – Theodosius I made Christianity the official religion of the empire –Banned old Hellenistic and Roman religions

XIII. The Early Church Needed clearly stated, unified teachings in order to prosper (Council of Nicaea) Augustine – City of God and Confessions Church Structure (hierarchy) –Priests, Bishops, Patriarchs –400s: the Bishop of Rome claimed authority over all of the other bishops –Greek churches did not recognize his auth. –The Great Schism: a large split in the church Latin (Western) churches became Roman Catholic Greek (Eastern) churches became Eastern Orthodox

XIV. Roman Decline A.D. 200s – Germanic tribes begin to invade in the west Empire’s Problems: –End of the Good Emperor’s –Political instability –Economic decline Empire Reformers –Diocletian (284): issued the Edict of Prices –Constantine (312): job reforms; Constantinople –Theodosius I (337): divided the Empire

XIV. Roman Decline (continued) Barbarian (German) Invasions –Reasons to invade: climate, wealth, fleeing Huns –The Visigoths: led by Alaric; later retreated to Gaul –The Huns: Led by Attila – Eastern Empire The End of the Western Empire: –Vandals raided/sacked Rome –Odoacer seized control of Rome –Roman culture was adopted by the “barbarians” –In the Byzantines, Hellenistic culture prevailed

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

The Legacy of Rome § Republic Government § Roman Law § Latin Language § Roman Catholic Church § City Planning § Romanesque Architectural Style § Roman Engineering Aqueducts Aqueducts Sewage systems Sewage systems Dams Dams Cement Cement Arch Arch