Geography Italy- important crossroads b/w western and eastern Mediterranean Sea- Governing Roman empire- easier because of their central location.

Geography Peninsula Apennine Mountains Broad fertile plains Po River valley The plain of Latium Campania Tiber River

Rome

Greeks & Etruscans Greeks est. colonies in Italy b/w 750 & 550 b.c.e Introduced cultivation of grapes & olives Greek Alphabet Art, architecture, & literature Etruscans 650 b.c.e. expanded into N.C. Italy, eventually controlling Rome & most of Latium Turned Rome Into a city Romans adopted Etruscan dress & military organization

750 b.c.e.

Greek Ampatheater

Roman Coliseum

Pantheon ROMAN pantheon

Greek Statue vs. Roman Statue

Tarquin [Etruscan] Rulers of Rome Reign of Romulus 753-716 BCE Numa Pompilius 715-674 BCE Tullius Hostillius 673-642 BCE Anchus Marcius 642-617 BCE Lucius Tarquinian Priscus 616-579 BCE Servius Tullius 578-535 BCE Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 535-510 BCE 509 BCE  Roman Revolt  Republic Established!

The Roman Republic By 264 b.c.e. Romans had conquered nearly all of Italy Republic- a form of govt in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote Roman Republic Consul Praetor Senate

Social classes Patricians Plebeians wealthy landowners Plebeians merchants, craftspeople, small farmers Both paid taxes, owed military service and could vote Only Patricians could be elected to gov’t

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

Roman Law 12 Tables Law of Nations Civil law only applied to citizens Natural/universal law Established standards of justice to all ppl.

Struggle of the Orders Plebeians resented social restrictions- By 471 b.c.e Plebeians gained more social equality. By 287 b.c.e All male Roman citizens were supposedly equal under the law. Council of the Plebs Tribune of Plebs By 4th century b.c.e marriage was allowed b/w orders 1. Prohibition of marriage b/w the orders

Carthaginian Empire

Punic Wars 264-146 b.c.e A series of wars to control the Mediterranean area Rome controlled Italy Carthage- great Phoenician trading center- N. Coast of Africa

Rome defeated Carthage Rome controlled Mediterranean Area Carthage is destroyed, salt poured on fields Shown as an example not to battle with Rome

The 2nd Punic War Hannibal – Carthage General, Invaded Italy Marched north crossing over the alps Closest Rome came to losing the wars Never made a decisive win

Scipio Africanus- Roman General Invaded Carthage Forced Hannibal to turn around and return to Carthage

Hannibal’s Route

Reform Leaders Military Reformer Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius recruited an army from the poorand homeless. professional standing army.

How do you think the actions of Marius & Sulla influenced the future of Rome?

Republic Begins to Decline

I. Collapse of the Roman Republic Wide gap b/w the rich and poor led to a period of civil war. Generals recruited soldiers by promising them land Loyalty of ppl was only to commander, not to the Republic New leader emerged to bring order back Julius Caesar

II. 1st Triumvirate 59 b.c.e Caesar (General), Pompey (General), & Crassus ($) Joined together to Run Rome, chose three to eliminate a tie decision Officially they had no real power, but the ppl followed the Triumvirate, not the senate.

III. Gallic Wars Rome vs. Gauls (barbarian Tribe) Caesar is the General of the Roman Army, winning many battles in Gaul (France) Crassus was killed in battle (Syria) now only two of the Triumvirates are alive. Pompey- gets senate’s support Told Caesar to return home w/o his army.

Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey

Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast!

IV. Caesar Defeats Pompey Caesar defeated Pompey in Italy, Greece, & finally Egypt Caesar made dictator 47 b.c.e Dictator for life in 44 b.c.e. Reforms Increased Senate Land reforms Granted citizenship to supporters

Caesar & Cleopatra Cleopatra – Ptolemy’s sister Caesar & Cleopatra become an item 48 b.c.e. Ptolemy is pulled from the throne by Caesar Cleopatra is put on the throne

Caesar becomes a threat Growing popularity and power Senate fears he will be king Caesar secretly makes a will HE adopts his grandnephew- Octavius, making him heir March 15th- Caesar is assassinated in the Senate Lead by Cassius & Brutus

Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus Caesar’s nephew Marc Antony Caesar’s Friend Marcus Lepidus

2nd Triumvirate Antony marries Cleopatra This makes Cleopatra & Antony entitled to Caesars’ heir, instead of Octavius Octaviuis defeats Cleopatra & Antony during Civil War Octavius renamed Augustus 1st Emperor of Rome

The Roman Empire: 27 BCE - 476 CE

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

The First Roman Dynasty

Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

The Rise of Christianity

Triumph of Christianity Persecution Constantine and the Peace of the Church Outlawing of polytheism 394 c.e.

St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

The Spread of Christianity

Imperial Roman Road System

The Empire in Crisis: 3c

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine: 312 - 337

Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering Aqueducts Sewage systems Dams Cement Arch