Section 1:The Scientific Revolution Section 2:The Foundations of European Exploration Section 3:Voyages of Portugal and Spain Section 4:The Spanish and Dutch Empires CHAPTER 16

Divide a sheet of paper into 2 columns headed Magical and Scientific. In one column write the words that describe how people who believed in magic tried to learn about nature. In the other column write words describing how scientists learn about nature. 2

Until the 1500s most Europeans saw small differences between science and magic The word science is based on a Latin word meaning “to know” Scientists rejected the idea the Church and the classics were the only source of knowledge 3 Section 1: The Scientific Revolution

4 Roger Bacon (monk) – favored a system of scientific experimentation Developed the scientific method

New tools and instruments to observe and measure Instruments included barometer, microscope, telescope, air pump, and thermometer used to observe and measure 5

Copernicus – heliocentric theory In the A.D. 100s Ptomely said the Earth was the center of the universe – the sun and the planets moved around the earth known as geocentric (earth-centered) theory In 1543, Copernicus argued the sun was the center – heliocentric (sun-centered) theory 6 The Scientific Revolution

Kepler and Galileo – proved Copernicus’ theory and invented telescope Johannes Kepler used observations of Mars as well as mathematical equations to prove the planets moved around the sun in elliptical, not circular as Aristotle had said Galileo invented the telescope and saw the mountains and valleys of the moon, rings around Saturn, spots on the Sun, moons around Jupiter 7

Galileo’s work caused many problems with the church. could not publish work without the church’s approval Church banned the heliocentric idea from being taught tried by the Inquisition in 1633 at the age of 69 forced to deny his findings and sentenced to remain in his home 8

Isaac Newton Newton – laws of motion and gravitation Explained why objects appear to be colored in that they absorb all other colors except the one they reflect proved by his passing light through a prism Explains gravity 9

Schools of science began to develop in Rome, England, and France. Descartes – “I think, therefore I am.” Rene Descartes ideas developed a philosophy based on reason that all assumptions had to be proven based on known facts Believed his own existence was proven because he could think 10

11 Francis Bacon – proof of ideas on observations and demonstration Other scientific discoveries – calculus, microscope, chemistry- (Robert Boyle)

Think about explorers you have studied and the resources those people needed for their journeys. Think about space exploration today and write down things a country needs in order to explore space. 12

Improvements in technology were done in order to find better routes to the East for its riches Mapmaking – most know the world was round and as explorers sailed around Africa, they were added to the maps – the Americas were undiscovered 13 Section 2: The Foundations of European Exploration

Navigation – development of compass, ships could sail beyond the sight of land w/o getting lost New ships – traveled farther, faster, and under greater variety of weather conditions 14

Commercial Revolution ( ) – standardization of money encouraged international trade and banking Joint-stock company – owners raised money by selling shares, or stock, in the company and investors who bought stock became co-owners and shared in the profits Colonization led to increased riches 15

Mercantilism – stated that a country’s government should do all it could to increase the country’s wealth, which was measured by the amount of gold and silver the country possessed According to this belief, the world contained a fixed amount of wealth, and increase its wealth one country had to take it from another country 16

Ways to increase country’s wealth other than take from other countries by war; mine gold and silver in colonies and at home, favorable trade balance, and gain raw materials If a country could gain raw materials they would not have to import (buy) from other countries (colonies) Favorable balance of trade – sell more goods that it bought from other countries 17

Tariffs (import taxes) to discourage people from buying foreign goods taking away from the home country. Encourage exports – selling materials to other countries Subsidies (grants of money) were given to businesspeople by the government to help start new industries The role of colonies – colonies were not allowed to manufacture goods, sell goods to other countries, or import goods from other countries – only support the mother country 18

Curiosity and spirit of discovery with the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution led to exploration of the world outside Europe Hope of wealth or better way of life Escape religious persecution or spread religion brought on by the Reformation and Counter-Reformation 19

List products from Asia that many people in America use. How do these products come to America? Imagine if everything from Asia had to come almost entirely overland, crossing from Russia to Alaska at the Bering Strait. 20

21 Prince Henry of Portugal funded explorations along the coast of Africa currents, wind pattern, and climates Africa – slave, gold, ivory trade Voyages of Portugal and Spain

Bartolomue Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of Africa Vasco da Gama – used Dias route and sailed on to India landing there in

Spain became interested in the search for for new trade routes to increase riches, etc. Christopher Columbus (Italian) thought he could sail west to reach India Spain funded his voyage 1492 sailed west with 3 small ships 23

Landed at San Salvador believed the islands where he land were off the coast of India Other explorers knew of the land but the Bahamas where Columbus landed were undiscovered by Europeans 24

Columbian Exchange – American foods were introduced in Europe Spanish brought horses to the Americas smallpox and other diseases were brought to the Americas 25

Spain and Portugal were 2 of Europe’s most active countries in exploration Pope Alexander VI divided their lands with the Treaty of Tordesillas – Spain took most of Central and South America and Philippines; Portugal claimed lands in Africa, Asia, and East Indies 26

27 Amerigo Vespucci – explored America, did not think it was part of Asia, called it the New World Balboa – made an overland crossing of the Isthmus of Panama and called the ocean the South Sea (Pacific Ocean) Balboa’s discovery proved the new world was not part of Asia

28 Magellan – named the Pacific (peaceful) Ocean ; proved that the western lands were a New World, not a part of Asia He and his crew made the first round the world voyage

Portuguese also went to Africa to trade friendly relationships and missionaries in the beginning economic interests took over Native Americans as slaves Disease killed millions Slaves were needed on sugar plantations off the African coast to make a profit 29

Triangular trade – merchants shipped goods to Africa for slaves, slaves were sent to the Americas and sold for products, merchants sent products to Europe to sell for a profit Middle Passage – shipment of slaves across the Atlantic to the Americas around 10 million Africans survived the passage to the Americas 30

African kingdoms and slavery – not all African kingdoms participated in slave trade, some native populations in Africa were depleted 31

Lacked wealth and population needed to sustain expansion and colonization Battles, shipwrecks, and a small population were too much to handle on top of the empire In 1580, Spain took over Portugal 32

33 Write a list of examples of conquest or colonization, based on previous chapters or your knowledge of current events.

Spain was the most powerful nation in Europe during the 1500s with the largest overseas empire mostly focusing on the Americas 1513 Ponce de Leon sailed to what is now Florida and others later open the southwest U.S. to Spain Conquests – In 1519 Cortés conquered Tenochtitlán and its ruler Montezuma II and built Mexico City in its place 34 Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires

Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas and what is now Peru and Ecuador to Chile for Spain in the 1530s Colonial government and society – horses, guns, disease weakened native Aztec populations; Spain grew wealthy Viceroys – officials who represente monarchies in the colonies and reported to the Council of the Indies in Spain who ran the colonial empire for the Spanish crown Eventually brought African Slaves to work the mines and farms 35

French, Dutch, and English wanted a share of Spain’s wealth and lands Spain passed laws to try to keep foreigners out of their colonies Pirates attacked Spain’s ships and towns 36

Holy Roman Emperor (member of the Habsburg family) – had conflicting demands between being king of Spain, supporting German aims, and defending Christian Europe Felt that the Spanish and Holy Roman empires were too large for one man to rule Divided lands among members of his family His son Philip II received Spain 37

King of Spain – and was dedicated to strengthening Spain’s hold as Europe’s leading power Philip II saw himself as the leader of the Counter- Reformation controlled every facet of government, directed Spanish Inquisition He involved Spain in wars to defend Catholicism and hurt the country financially 38

The Netherlands break from Spain led by William of Orange – practiced guerrilla warfare; northern provinces declared independence from Spain Dutch society – seafaring people, religious tolerance, lively cultural center 39

The Dutch colonial empire – trade was controlled by Dutch East India Company founded in 1602; First colony was the island of Java in 1619 then on to The Cape of Good Hope, and Japan did not force their own culture or religious beliefs on other societies; their sole intention was making money 40

Growing population Increased costs and shortage of food, clothing, and housing drove prices up Expulsion of Jews and Moriscos – many skilled bankers, business people, commercial leaders and artisans Flow of money out of Spain helped other countries grow 41