Brief Response What were reasons Imperialists had for taking over foreign lands and denying the freedom of hundreds of millions of people there? Gold Religion Resources Cheap labor Foreign markets for trade Technology made it possible White supremacy supported by Social Darwinism.

Africa at the beginning of Imperialist Takeover p. 290

Brief Response What were reasons Imperialists had for taking over foreign lands and denying the freedom of hundreds of millions of people there? (4) Imperialists turned their technological superiority on the world for gold, religion, profits from business investments, and cheap, almost slave, labor

Why Africa? Africa was the last region taken over by Europeans. European takeover was swift and frenzied. It had many resources Europeans needed and wanted. Though the slave trade was ended, Africans were seen as a cheap source of agricultural and mineral labor. European colonists took the best lands, protected by European/European controlled armies Europeans did not care about the rights of non-White colonials (Africans, in this case).

WEST AFRICA Usman dan Fodio: Islamic leader of a religious revival in West Africa. – He spoke out against corrupt leaders in Nigeria, who, he felt, were not obeying Shari’a Law (Law according to the Koran and teachings of Muhammad). – He called for uprising against the Hausa leadership and the Europeans. – He and his followers set up a successful and peaceful Muslim state in northern Nigeria.

SOUTHERN AFRICA Most people were farmers or herdsmen and lived in small loosely dependent communities. – That changed in the 1800s. Shaka: in the early 1800s, he united the Zulu people and made violent wars to subjugate neighboring peoples. – Intermarriage brought the people closer together in Shaka’s empire, but others fled to other lands.

One major event stimulated great interest in sub-Saharan Africa….. David Livingstone: A well respected explorer, doctor, and missionary who had “disappeared” in the Congo region. – He had been busy protecting the people there from slavery. – He worked to make their lives better, but respected their cultures. Europe and America asked, “what happened to Livingstone?” A statue of David Livingstone in Zambia.

One major event stimulated great interest in sub-Saharan Africa….. Henry Stanley: American journalist sent by his paper to find Livingstone. – After two years, he found him. “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” – He also documented and mapped the places and people he saw.

King Leopold II: Belgian king in the mid 1800s. He personally took control of the Congo area of central Africa, to grow rubber trees from Asia. He hired Henry Stanley to explore it and later run it. Also found copper and ivory – his administration’s brutal mistreatment of Africans there earned world criticism. Arrests, beatings, mutilations, and executions of those who did not work or pay taxes. Western political cartoon criticizing Leopold’s greedy and brutal treatment of Congolese.

Boer War: Late 1800s. Britain pursued the Boer into northern South Africa, – taking control of their lands and – subjecting them to British laws protecting black Africans. The Boer rebelled and fought a guerrilla war. – Though they were effective, they lost after three years. Britain learned to use camouflage and guerrilla tactics from the Boer. – This would change modern warfare, but not immediately. – Images: – Previous colorful British field uniform – Boer field outfits – Khaki (camouflage) British field uniform

Resistance Samori Toure: – opposed French in West Africa Algeria – Algerians futilely resisted France.

Resistance Yaa Asantewaa: Asante (today Ghana) Queen who continued her husband’s war against the British. Nehanda: Woman leader of the Shona resistance against the British in Zimbabwe. She was captured and executed. She is remembered as a symbol against White Rule in southern Africa.

Menelik II: united Ethiopia in the late 1800s. He used European advisers to develop his lands, military, and education system. – His European-trained and equipped army was able to defeat an Italian invasion.

Collaboration or Resistance? Elite: upper class; usually powerful leaders of traditional societies. African leaders who cooperated (collaborators) were rewarded by the imperialists with power, land, and honor: – Learned European ways – Rejected traditional ways – As in all lands around the world conquered by Europeans, those who served the Europeans were given more privileges. Others led resistance movements and criticized the Imperialist as immoral invaders.

Homework

Standards Check, p. 291: Question: In Muslim North Africa: – The Ottoman empire was declining In West Africa: – New Muslim leaders and strong kingdoms like the Asante In East Africa: – The slave trade continued to the East. In South Africa: – Zulus and Boers battled for control.

Image, p. 291 Question: Because of his powerful army

Standards Check, p. 292 Question: Medical advances and steamships allowed explorers and missionaries to push deep into Africa.

Image, p. 292 Question: They viewed African religions as inferior to Christianity

Map, p North and West Africa 3 By 1914, European colonies had spread across most of the continent and very few regions remained independent.

Standards Check, p. 295 Question: By sending explorers to the Congo and trying to establish treaties to dominate trade.

Biography, p. 295 Question: By obtaining and learning how to use Western weapons.

Standards Check, p. 296 Question: Menelik II modernized and Westernized both his country and army. Ethiopia was prepared to fight Western troops. They defeated Italy’s invasion and remained independent.

Image, p. 296 Question: That he may be an official or expert who visited or was educated in Europe.

p. 297, thinking critically 1. He appealed to their sense of justice. He knew he could not win militarily. 2. His father shows his disagreement by continuing to question why his son did not allow his troops to fight when they were able and ready.

Project: The Berlin Conference Handouts On-line reference (map of Africa, c. 1880) On-line reference

Brief Response Why was it called the “Scramble for Africa”? Support with text information.

End homework Begin classwork Make sure Gandhi DVD is queued up