Section III: Organized Kingdoms Develop (Pages ) This section is about: This section is about: How both royal power and individual liberties grew steadily in England and France during the later part of the Middle Ages. How both royal power and individual liberties grew steadily in England and France during the later part of the Middle Ages. How nationalism developed more slowly in the Holy Roman Empire, and how the Spanish reconquista achieved success. How nationalism developed more slowly in the Holy Roman Empire, and how the Spanish reconquista achieved success.

Lets look at what they ’ re going to ask us at the end (on page 306). On the bottom: Critical Thinking. And, right below it: “ Write about Government ”. Also, right in the middle of the page – it asks: Why was the year 1492 important in Spanish history? We know it as the year Columbus “ discovered ” America, but it ’ s also important for something else. The picture on page 302 is also huge for things that happen later in America. ???????????????????????????

England When William the Conqueror invaded England (in 1066), there were big changes in government, law, and society. When William the Conqueror invaded England (in 1066), there were big changes in government, law, and society. He brought the feudal system to England – with lords claiming loyalty to him, and serfs. Peasants to the lords. He brought the feudal system to England – with lords claiming loyalty to him, and serfs. Peasants to the lords. His successors tried to keep the same system in place. His successors tried to keep the same system in place.

Henry II, Common Law, and Conflicts with the Church King Henry II controlled England and half of France ( ). King Henry II controlled England and half of France ( ). He and his wife (Eleanor) were big supporters of culture, learning, literature, and music. He and his wife (Eleanor) were big supporters of culture, learning, literature, and music.

Henry II set up a system of courts and legal reforms we today call English common law. Henry II set up a system of courts and legal reforms we today call English common law. People had to give sworn evidence in trials. People had to give sworn evidence in trials. A jury had to review charges to see if there should even be a trial. A jury had to review charges to see if there should even be a trial. One problem though: the Archbishop of Canterbury (Thomas Becket) wouldn ’ t allow his clergy to be put on trial by the government courts. One problem though: the Archbishop of Canterbury (Thomas Becket) wouldn ’ t allow his clergy to be put on trial by the government courts. Four of Henry ’ s knights then murdered Becket – in his own cathedral (he was later declared a saint). Four of Henry ’ s knights then murdered Becket – in his own cathedral (he was later declared a saint).

King John, The Magna Carta, and Parliament King John was Henry and Eleanor ’ s youngest son. King John was Henry and Eleanor ’ s youngest son. He thought, since he was king, that he could do whatever he wanted. He thought, since he was king, that he could do whatever he wanted. His nobles planned to go to war against him (unless he agreed to limits on his power). His nobles planned to go to war against him (unless he agreed to limits on his power). They did end up forcing him to sign an agreement that would give the people some basic rights – the Magna Carta. They did end up forcing him to sign an agreement that would give the people some basic rights – the Magna Carta. S21,321,000.00

The Magna Carta (1215) King John had to admit that he was also subject to the laws of the land. King John had to admit that he was also subject to the laws of the land. The nobles had certain rights and were protected under the law. The nobles had certain rights and were protected under the law. Even regular individuals had certain rights. Even regular individuals had certain rights. King John later said he changed his mind and rejected everything, but it was too late. King John later said he changed his mind and rejected everything, but it was too late.

Parliament By 1295, England even had a Parliament (English law-making group). By 1295, England even had a Parliament (English law-making group). Nobles began to work with commoners to represent all the people of England (but it still took 200 more years until it was completely effective). Nobles began to work with commoners to represent all the people of England (but it still took 200 more years until it was completely effective). From , England was having more conflicts over people ’ s power (The War of the Roses). Eventually Henry VII was crowned king. From , England was having more conflicts over people ’ s power (The War of the Roses). Eventually Henry VII was crowned king. England then had a strong leader and a strong Parliament. England then had a strong leader and a strong Parliament.

During the 1300 ’ s As Parliament was getting stronger in England, the French came up with their own national assembly. As Parliament was getting stronger in England, the French came up with their own national assembly. This had representatives from 3 groups called “ estates ” This had representatives from 3 groups called “ estates ” The clergy. The clergy. The nobility. The nobility. The Merchants ’ craftspeople, and peasants. The Merchants ’ craftspeople, and peasants. Later – a fourth “ estate ” was made up of reporters and newspapers. Later – a fourth “ estate ” was made up of reporters and newspapers. This group became known as the Estates General (France ’ s Representative Law-making assembly). This group became known as the Estates General (France ’ s Representative Law-making assembly). "Cleric, Knight, and Workman": the three estates in a French medieval illumination: "Those who pray", "those who fight", and "those who work".

The Hundred Year ’ s War 1337: England invaded France. 1337: England invaded France. Several wars lasted until 1453 (some truces and treaties), with 5 kings on each side. Several wars lasted until 1453 (some truces and treaties), with 5 kings on each side. These were all about who would rule western France. These were all about who would rule western France.

The First Part of the War England had a lot of success. England had a lot of success. Large French armies were often beaten by smaller English armies (and their longbows). Large French armies were often beaten by smaller English armies (and their longbows). Then, a 17 year old girl convinced French leaders to let her lead an army. Then, a 17 year old girl convinced French leaders to let her lead an army. Inspired by her courage, the French drove the English out of France and the Hundred Years War was over. Inspired by her courage, the French drove the English out of France and the Hundred Years War was over. France and England still occupy most of the same areas they did at the end of this war. France and England still occupy most of the same areas they did at the end of this war. That girl? Who was she? That girl? Who was she? Joan of Arc

An uneducated, deeply religious peasant girl. An uneducated, deeply religious peasant girl. When 13, she started having “ visions ” of Catholic saints. When 13, she started having “ visions ” of Catholic saints. She convinced Charles that she had been called upon to drive out the English. She convinced Charles that she had been called upon to drive out the English. After several successes, she became a prisoner of the English (who were embarrassed they were beaten by a teenage girl). After several successes, she became a prisoner of the English (who were embarrassed they were beaten by a teenage girl). They said she was a witch (she heard voices), convicted her, and burned her at the stake. They said she was a witch (she heard voices), convicted her, and burned her at the stake. She ’ s thought of as a national hero of France. She ’ s thought of as a national hero of France. She was made a saint in She was made a saint in 1920.

The Holy Roman Empire and Spain Ideas of Nationalism were also spreading at this time – especially throughout the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. Ideas of Nationalism were also spreading at this time – especially throughout the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. Belief that people should be loyal to their country (actually has many meanings and definitions, but this is one for now). Belief that people should be loyal to their country (actually has many meanings and definitions, but this is one for now).

The Holy Roman Empire There was a strong alliance between Rome, the Popes, and German areas at this time. There was a strong alliance between Rome, the Popes, and German areas at this time. In 962, the German king was even crowned emperor by the Pope. In 962, the German king was even crowned emperor by the Pope. By the 1200 ’ s, the area known as the Holy Roman Empire included today ’ s Germany, Switzerland, Austria, eastern France, northern Italy, and the Czech Republic. By the 1200 ’ s, the area known as the Holy Roman Empire included today ’ s Germany, Switzerland, Austria, eastern France, northern Italy, and the Czech Republic. There were always struggles for power, but they usually tried to work together (especially during the Crusade ’ s years). There were always struggles for power, but they usually tried to work together (especially during the Crusade ’ s years). By the 1200 ’ s though, those ideas of nationalism were just starting to spread. By the 1200 ’ s though, those ideas of nationalism were just starting to spread.

Christians Reconquer Spain 700 ’ s: Muslims were conquered. 700 ’ s: Muslims were conquered ’ s: Portuguese independence ’ s: Portuguese independence ’ s: northern Christians decided to try and get rid of the Muslims in that area ’ s: northern Christians decided to try and get rid of the Muslims in that area. By the 1260 ’ s: they had re-claimed Cordoba, Cadiz, and Seville. By the 1260 ’ s: they had re-claimed Cordoba, Cadiz, and Seville.

It took until 1492 to conquer Granada This is also the year Isabella and Ferdinand sponsored Columbus ’ s journey. This is also the year Isabella and Ferdinand sponsored Columbus ’ s journey. It ’ s also the year they kicked all the Jews out of Spain. It ’ s also the year they kicked all the Jews out of Spain. Jews were now kicked out of Spain, France, England, and Portugal. – many moved to eastern Europe. Jews were now kicked out of Spain, France, England, and Portugal. – many moved to eastern Europe.

This was also the time of the Inquisition The Roman Catholic Church was trying to enforce the churches teachings through intimidation. The Roman Catholic Church was trying to enforce the churches teachings through intimidation. They treated anyone who had different ideas than them harshly and cruelly. They treated anyone who had different ideas than them harshly and cruelly. This also made Spanish Monarchs stronger – people were afraid. This also made Spanish Monarchs stronger – people were afraid.