CHS 232 Health Sciences Iffat Elbarazi (Lecturer-KSU) Lect semester 2

Determinants of Health Physical Emotional/ Emotional/ Mental Mental Social Social Health

Determinants of health Values Education Social status Economical status-income Environment Education Genetics Location Health services Agriculture, waste Water Industry Unemployment Transport food

Health Maintenance The incorporation of measures to prevent ill health/ to maintain health and to promote optimal wellbeing

Responsibility of: Individuals Professionals Community Government Organizations

Preventive measures: Individuals Regular medical examinations Protection of body systems Immunizations Personal records Getting care when needed Selecting health services

Professionals Programs Professionals in Health care services Planning,and, arranging for needed services required for health maintenance

Community Access Views and beliefs Support Taking proper actions

Government Policies Services Resources Training

Organizations International: Goals, planning, research, r Resources Support Training Local Connecting Implementing Support Funds/resources

Requirements Water: Availability, cleanliness, drinking water, free from pollutants and toxic materials, distribution, usage Food: Plants/animals: availability, balance, cleanliness, free from toxic materials, distribution, agriculture, prevention of diseases, general conditions,

Cont’d Shelter: Free from toxic materials, clean, prevent heat and water, Air: Prevent global warming, decrease pollution, effective use of resources: Resources: Services Training/ Education/Programs

Health Education and Health promotion The Ottawa Charter defined health promotion as:” The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health Health promotion is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy lifestyles to well- being. Health promotion refers to “any planned combination of educational, political, regulatory and organizational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to health of individuals, groups and communities” (Green and Kreuter,1991:432).

Cont’d Health promotion activities may include policy changes to provide a more facilitative environment - e.g. non smoking area in public places (Greene et al, 1984: 48). Health promotion involves a much broader sense and includes health education under its broad sense. it is with no doubt that health education consists an essential part of health promotion In addition to the promotion of health, the goals of health promotion include three types of prevention: primary prevention, early detection and treatment, and patient care and support.

Cont’d Fisher et al. (1986: 95-96) distinguishes between health promotion and health education. They define the latter as activities that facilitate voluntary adaptations to behavior. Whereas health promotion include health education as an essential component, but can also be organizational, political, economic intervention which lead to improved health. Jeff French defines health promotion as a collective activity that should not be led by any group. It encompasses health education, disease prevention, the politics of health and disease management.. He argues that all four elements are essential parts and powerful forces for health promotion but are different in their aims, methods and contents (Tones, 1990: 3

Health Education According to French (1990:9), health education is part of health promotion where it is not about behavioral change, but rather about enabling people and supporting people to set their own health agendas Health education is a planned activity stimulating learning through communication to promote healthy behaviour (Green and Kreuter, 1991:432)

Maintenance and Disease Prevention Rankin and Stallings (2001) defined health promotion as activities that person undertakes to enjoy life to the fullest. It is associated with wellness behaviours rather than disease prevention. Disease prevention: immunization is an example, screening is another Health maintenance or health protection : screening. Monitoring (growth chart)

The health belief Model A group of cognitive, and social psychologists came up with the health belief model to predict the likelihood of a person taking recommended preventive health actions and to understand a person’s motivation and decision making about seeking health services

Purpose of the HBM. The HBM was originally developed as a systematic method to explain and predict preventive health behavior. It focused on the relationship of health behaviors, practices and utilization of health services. In later years, the HBM has been revised to include general health motivation for the purpose of distinguishing illness and sick-role behavior from health behavior. Originated around It is generally regarded as the beginning of systematic, theory-based research in health behavior.

Application Of The HBM A person's motivation to undertake a health behavior can be divided into three main categories individual perceptions: are factors that affect the perception of illness or disease, they deal with the importance of health to the individual, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity. modifying behaviors: include demographic variables, perceived threat, and cues to action likelihood of action: discusses factors in probability of appropriate health behavior; it is the likelihood of taking the recommended preventive health action. The combination of these factors causes a response that often manifests into action

What is the benefit of HBM It helps to identify compliers and non compliers by examining six factors: 1- patient’s perception of severity of the illness 2- patient’s susceptibility to illness and its consequences 3- value of treatment benefits 4- Barriers to treatment 5- cost of treatment in physical and emotional terms 6-cues that stimulate taking action toward treatment of illness. Demographic variables such as age gender, socioeconomic status and ethnicity might influence a person’s perception about the seriousness of the condition.

The Health Promotion Model Nola Pener has developed this model as she believes that the HBM focused mainly on avoidance to decrease the negative health and illness outcome rather than addressing positive actions taken to sustain or increase a person’s level of health. As for her health is defined as self actualization rather than the absence of disease which will directs a person’s behavior toward health protection or toward avoiding illness and disease. For her the behaviors serve to increase well being and actualize human health potential (Pender, 1996, p.7). However, health protection is defined by her as the motivation to avoid illness, detect it early and maintain functioning when ill

Components of Health Promotion Model Individuals Characteristics and Experiences (prior behavior and personal factors) Behavior specific cognitions and affect (Perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers, perceived self efficacy, activity related affect, interpersonal influences, situational influences 3- Behavioral outcomes. Commitment to a plan of action, immediate competing demands and preferences, health promoting behavior)

Conclusion The educator’s goal : is to motivate patients to see the value of treatment plans as a means to attain health or control illness, by providing patient with the skill and knowledge needed.and encouraging patients to change their behavior pattern to conform with the plan. The role of the health professional is to help people overcome barriers to health promoting activities and support preventive health practices.