Dr Faghihi Proffesor of physiology

OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Explain the importance of granulocytes and monocyte- macrophage system in the body Describe the resistance of the body to infection Identify the steps of inflammation Understand the significance of responses by macrophage and neutrophil during inflammation Explain the importance of leukopenia and leukemias

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Leukocytes (7000 White Blood Cells /µL of blood) Types of White Blood Cells 62.0%Polymorphonuclear neutrophils 2.3%Polymorphonuclear eosinophils 0.4%Polymorphonuclear basophils 5.3%Monocytes 30.0%Lymphocytes occasionally, plasma cells granulocytes, or, in clinical terminology, polys

Genesis of the Blood Cells

Figure 33-1 Genesis of white blood cells. The different cells of the myelocyte series are 1, myeloblast; 2, promyelocyte; 3, megakaryocyte; 4, neutrophil myelocyte; 5, young neutrophil metamyelocyte; 6, "band" neutrophil metamyelocyte; 7, polymorphonuclear neutrophil; 8, eosinophil myelocyte; 9, eosinophil metamyelocyte; 10, polymorphonuclear eosinophil; 11, basophil myelocyte; 12, polymorphonuclear basophil; 13-16, stages of monocyte formation.

Life Span of the White Blood Cells Granulocytes 4 to 8 hours in the blood 4 to 5 days in tissues Monocytes 10 to 20 hours in the blood tissue macrophages can live for months Lymphocytes enter the blood, Then re-enter the lymph and return to the blood again and again. have life spans of weeks or months

Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections

Phagocytosis

Oxidizing agents formed by enzymes in the membrane of the phagosome or by a special organelle called the peroxisome

Differentiation and distribution of macrophages

Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System) Tissue Macrophages in the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues (Histiocytes) Alveolar Macrophages in the Lungs

Macrophages (Kupffer Cells) in the Liver Sinusoids

Macrophages in the Lymph Nodes

Macrophages of the Spleen and Bone Marrow

"Walling-Off" Effect of Inflammation

Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages

Tissue Macrophage Is a First Line of Defense Against Infection

Neutrophil Invasion of the Inflamed Area Is a Second Line of Defense Neutrophilia TNF, IL-1

Second Macrophage Invasion into the Inflamed Tissue Is a Third Line of Defense Increased Production of Granulocytes and Monocytes by the Bone Marrow Is a Fourth Line of Defense Feedback Control of the Macrophage and Neutrophil Responses

Formation of Pus

Eosinophils

Basophils

 Leukopenia  Leukemia lymphocytic leukemias myelogenous leukemias -neutrophilic leukemia - eosinophilic leukemia - basophilic leukemia -monocytic leukemia

Relative Frequencies of the Different Blood Types 47%O 41%A 9%B 3%AB

Blood Types with Their Genotypes and Their Constituent Agglutinogens and Agglutinins AgglutininsAgglutinogensBlood TypesGenotypes Anti-A and Anti-B-OOO Anti-BAAOA or AA Anti-ABBOB or BB -A and BAB

Blood Typing, Showing Agglutination of Cells of the Different Blood Types with Anti-A or Anti-B Agglutinins in the Sera Sera Anti-BAnti-ARed Blood Cell Types --O -+A +-B ++AB