THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW. THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR QUIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS. STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR STUDYING THEIR MANUAL AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUS

Lab # 1 Blood

The Circulatory System -Blood It is the liquid medium in which these substance travel. The Circulatory System -Cardiovascular System Blood vessels They ensure the proper routing of blood to its destination. It transports substances from place to place in the body. Heart It is the pump that keeps the blood flowing.

Components of Blood Blood Plasma Formed elements Water (92%) Proteins Nutrients Blood Plasma Electrolytes It is the liquid matrix where the formed elements are suspended. Nitrogenous wastes Hormones Gases Components of Blood Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) Leukocytes (White blood cells, WBCs) Formed elements Neutrophils - Granulocytes Eosinophils Basophils Cells and cell fragments Lymphocytes - Agranulocytes Monocytes Platelets

Formed Elements of Blood Monocyte Small lymphocyte Neutrophil Platelets Eosinophil Small lymphocyte Erythrocyte Neutrophil Monocyte Large lymphocyte Neutrophil Basophil

Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) Leukocytes (White blood cells, WBCs) Formed elements Neutrophils - Granulocytes Eosinophils Basophils Cells and cell fragments Lymphocytes - Agranulocytes Monocytes Platelets Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) Functions: 1- They carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues 2- They pick up carbon dioxide from tissues and bring to lungs Insufficient RBCs may kill in few minutes due to lack of oxygen to tissues

Leukocytes The leucocytes are the least abundant formed elements (5,000 to 10,000 WBCs/m L). They differ from erythrocytes in that they retain their organelles throughout life. The general function of the leukocytes is protection against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens. Neutrophils - Granulocytes Eosinophils Leukocytes (White blood cells, WBCs) Basophils Lymphocytes - Agranulocytes Monocytes

Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils They have specific granules, which contain enzymes and other chemicals employed in defense against pathogens. Neutrophils Functions: The most abundant (60-70% of circulating leukocytes). 1- Phagocytosis of bacteria. Nucleus with 3 to 5 lobules connected by slender nuclear strands (polymorphonuclear leukocytes). 2- They release antimicrobial chemicals. The neutrophil count rises (neutrophilia) in response to bacterial infection. Reddish to violet specific granules, which take up histological stains at pH 7. Functions: Eosinophils 1-Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals. They are about 2% to 4% of the circulating leukocytes. Nucleus with 2 lobules connected by a thin strand. 2- They release enzymes to destroy large parasites. Coarse rosy to orange-colored specific granules, which take up histological stains at acidic pH. They increase in parasitic infections and allergies. Functions: Basophils They are the rarest of the WBCs (less than 0.5% to 1% of the WBC count). 1- They secrete histamine (vasodilator), which speeds flow of blood to an injured area (inflammation). Nucleus largely hidden by the granules. 2- They secrete heparin (anticoagulant), which promotes the mobility of other WBCs in the area (inflammation). Abundant, very coarse, dark violet specific granules, which take up histological stains at basic pH.

Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes They also contains granules but they are nonspecific granules (lysosomes containing enzymes). Agranulocytes Functions: Lymphocytes They are second to neutrophils in abundance (25% to 33%). 1-They destroy cells (cancer, foreign, and cells infected by viruses). They are the smallest WBCs (5 to 17 mm in diameter). Large and medium lymphocytes are usually seen in connective tissues. Small lymphocytes are the most common circulating lymphocytes. 2-They “present” antigens to activate other immune cells. 3- They coordinate actions of other immune cells. There are several classes of lymphocytes with different immune functions, but they look alike through the light microscope. They are the principal effector cells of the immune system. 4- They produce and secrete antibodies. Round, ovoid or slightly dimpled nucleus, which stains dark violet and fills nearly the entire cell in small lymphocytes. 5- They provide immune memory. Functions: Monocytes They are the largest WBCs, often two or three times the diameter of an RBC. 1- They leave bloodstream and transform into macrophages, which They are about 3% to 8% of WBC count. 2-Phagocytize pathogens and debris The nucleus is large and clearly visible, often light violet. It is typically ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped. 3-“Present” antigens to activate other immune cells. These macrphages are called antigen presenting cells (APCs) The cytoplasm contains fine granules.

Platelet Form and Function Functions of Platelets Pseudopod Lysosome Open canalicular system Mitochondrion Granule Platelets are not cells but small fragments of marrow cells called megacaryocytes. They are the second most abundant formed elements, after erythrocytes. Normal count from 130,000 to 400,000. Functions of Platelets 1- They secret vasoconstrictors that stimulate spasmodic constriction of blood vessels and thus help reduce blood loss. 2- They stick together to form temporary platelet plugs to seal small breaks. 3- They secrete procoagulants or clotting factors, which promote clotting.

Blood Types The ABO Group Blood types and transfusion compatibility are a matter of interaction between plasma protein and erythrocytes. The plasma membrane of the erythrocytes contains glycoproteins on the outer surface that can act as antigens. That means that they can interact with the corresponding antibodies . The ABO Group Type A Type B Type A B Type O Type A Type B Type A B Type O

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies Plasma contains antibodies against surface antigens that are not present on self red blood cells. Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies Anti-A and anti-B antibodies Anti-B antibodies Anti-A antibodies That is why foreign erythrocytes are rejected by the immune system.

When antibodies attack, the foreign cells agglutinate (clump together) When antibodies attack, the foreign cells agglutinate (clump together). This process is called agglutination. + Ab Agglutination The antigens that determine the blood types are called agglutinogens, and the corresponding antibodies are called agglutinins

ABO Blood Typing Control Blood Type A B AB O

If the person is exposed to Rh antigen produces antibodies The Rh Group The Rh blood group is named for the rhesus monkey, the animal in which the Rh antigens were discovered in 1940. This group include numerous antigens (C, D, E). Antigen D is by far the most reactive and it is used for Rh typing. Rh + Rh - D No anti-D antibodies No anti-D antibodies If the person is exposed to Rh antigen produces antibodies

Rh Blood Typing Anti Rh Control Blood Type Rh + Rh -

ABO and Rh Blood Typing A- AB- AB+ A+ B- O- B+ O+ Control Anti-A Anti-B Anti-Rh Control Anti-A Anti-B Anti-Rh A- AB- AB+ A+ B- O- B+ O+