12 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Lesson 12.1: The Lymphatic System Lesson 12.2: Nonspecific Defenses Lesson 12.3: Specific Defenses Lesson 12.4: Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System

Lesson 12.1 The Lymphatic System Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Lesson 12.1 The Lymphatic System

The Lymphatic System organization of the lymphatic system lymph formation and flow lymph drainage lymphatic cells, tissues, and organs lymphatic cells lymphatic tissues lymphatic organs

Organization of the Lymphatic System

Lymph Formation and Flow fluid leaks out of blood vessel capillaries about 4 liters per day enters lymphatic capillaries fluid is now called lymph returns to circulatory system through lymphatic trunks

Lymph Drainage thoracic duct right lymphatic duct drains legs, abdominopelvic area, left arm, and left side of the head and thorax right lymphatic duct drains right arm, right side of head, and right side of the thorax

Lymph Drainage

Lymphatic Cells lymphocytes macrophages T lymphocytes mature in thymus B lymphocytes mature in bone marrow macrophages begin as monocytes leave lymphatic tissue to enter surrounding tissue

Lymphatic Tissues mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue lymphatic nodules tonsils pharyngeal palatine lingual lymphatic nodules

Lymphatic Organs lymph nodes cleanse lymph store and produce T and B cells

Lymphatic Organs spleen thymus scans and cleans blood nursery for T cells

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct, tonsil, spleen. 1. drains left side of head 2. scan and clean blood 3. drains right side of head 4. palatine

Lesson 12.2 Nonspecific Defenses Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Lesson 12.2 Nonspecific Defenses

Nonspecific Defenses physical barriers cellular and chemical defenses inflammatory response fever

Physical Barriers skin hair acidic secretions from sebaceous glands and sweat glands mucous membranes

Cellular and Chemical Defenses phagocytosis engulf foreign cells and debris neutrophils macrophages (formerly monocytes) exocytosis natural killer cells release perforins to perforate cells

Cellular and Chemical Defenses complement system classical pathway alternative pathway opsonization interferons released by virus infected cells alpha, beta, gamma interferons

The Complement System

Inflammatory Response promotes repair of damaged tissue histamines and prostaglandins released symptoms heat redness swelling pain

The Development of Inflammation tissue damage occurs intracellular contents are released from damaged cells into interstitial fluid mast cells release histamine and other inflammatory chemicals blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases, capillary permeability increases clot formation occurs scar tissue forms, replacement cells grow

Fever maintenance of higher than normal body temperature activation of leukocytes and macrophages causes release of pyrogens hypothalamus raises body temperature, causing a fever

Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Interferon is released by virus infected cells. 2. Pyrogens cause fever. 3. Neutrophils are not phagocytes. 4. Mucous membranes are a physical barrier. 5. Perforins engulf cells.

Lesson 12.3 Specific Defenses Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Lesson 12.3 Specific Defenses

Specific Defenses antigens immune system cells humoral immunity primary and secondary immune responses cellular immunity

Antigens on the surface of cells determine “self” from “nonself” cells proteins polysaccharides glycolipids nucleic acids determine “self” from “nonself” cells

Immune System Cells lymphocytes MHC proteins recognize only one antigen clonal selection memory cells MHC proteins class I class II

Humoral Immunity antibody-mediated immunity plasma cells antibodies antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigen antibodies also called immunoglobulins recognize, bind to, and mark antigens interfere with antigen function

Antibody Classes

Primary and Secondary Immune Responses primary immune response when first exposed secondary immune response memory cells respond to invader active immunity passive immunity vaccination

Cellular Immunity

Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: antibodies, antigen, memory cells, or vaccination. 1. A(n) _______________ is passive immunity. 2. _______________ are also called immunoglobulins. 3. Lymphocytes recognize only one _______________. 4. _______________ are part of the secondary immune response.

Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Lesson 12.4 Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System

Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System cancer and lymph nodes allergies autoimmune disorders HIV and AIDS

Cancer and Lymph Nodes rapid, unregulated cell growth metastasis cancerous cells move within body cancerous cells may lodge in lymph nodes

Allergies inappropriately strong response to a harmless environmental antigen exposure to allergen causes release of histamine histamine causes allergy symptoms runny nose, itchy eyes, anaphylaxis anaphylaxis immunotherapy

Allergies

Autoimmune Disorders immune system attacks own body cause unclear examples rheumatoid arthritis multiple sclerosis type I diabetes

HIV and AIDS HIV AIDS infects and kills helper T cells helper T cell count falls below 200/mm3 immune system seriously weakened patient is susceptible to opportunistic infection

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: metastasis, autoimmune disorder, HIV, cancer. 1. rapid, unregulated cell growth 2. cancerous cells move within the body 3. rheumatoid arthritis 4. infects and kills T cells