Blood Components and Blood Tests Chapter 12

Components of Blood 5.5 liters in an average adult What are the main components of blood? 2 main components: 1. Plasma: –Straw-colored liquid 2. Formed elements: –Dark-red and buff colored

What Parts Make Up the Formed Elements? 1. Red blood cells (RBCs) Aka erythrocytes “erythro”=red 2. White blood cells (WBCs) Leukocytes “leuko”= white 3. Platelets thrombocytes

Percentages of Particles in Blood

Blood Plasma 92% water 7% proteins.. Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen Wastes Electrolytes Nutrients, vitamins, hormones Gases… oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

Red Blood Cells Biconcave disc, for more surface area Smaller then WBCs Anucleated– no nucleus when mature Contain hemoglobin: What is the role of hemoglobin (in RBCs)? A large molecule use to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood Red pigment= heme million RBCs per microliter of blood Lower amounts in females than males

Characteristics of WBCs Have nucleus Larger than RBCs 5 kinds that are divided up into granular and agranular What is the difference? Granular have “dots” that can be seen with staining, agranular “dots” cannot be seen “agranular” because old microscopes were not powerful enough to see the stains

What are the Types of WBCs? Granular: Neutrophils – phagocytes –engulf bacteria Eosinophils– kill parasites, allergic reaction Basophils– release heparin, allergic reaction Agranular: Lymphocytes– immune functions, antibodies… T-cells and B-cells Monocytes– phagocyte, engulf dead RBCs

Platelets Thrombocytes 130, ,000 per microliter Help close breaks in damaged blood vessels, clots blood Cells ½ size of RBC anucleated

Antigens and Antibodies Agglutination– clumping of RBCs following a blood transfusion Antigens– chemicals (surface of RBC) that stimulate B-cells (lymphocytes) to produce antibodies Different blood types have different antigens, and during blood transfusions, can cause a agglutination due to antigen/antibody reaction Blood types are hereditary

ABO Blood Groups / 4 BloodTypes 1.Type A– (antigen A) – person will produce anti-B antibodies 2.Type B—(antigen B)– person will produce anti-A antibodies 3.Type AB– (antigen A and B) – no antibodies produced 4.Type O – (no antigen A or B).. Person produces both and A and B antibodies

Can blood type A receive type AB? Can blood type AB receive type O? Can blood type AB receive type A? In US, type O, 47%... Type A, 41%... Type B, 9%... Type AB, 3%

Rh Blood Group Named after Rhesus monkey in which it was first studied if RBC has the Rh antigen, then it is Rh- positive If RBC does NOT have Rh antigen, then it is Rh-negative Anti-Rh antibodies do not appear spontaneously, only after being exposed

Rh incompatibility Mother to Child If an Rh-negative mother has an Rh- positive child The mother will build up anti-Rh antibodies in response The next time she has a Rh-positive child, her immune system (anti-Rh antibodies) will attack Rh-positive fetal red blood cells Called Erythroblastosis fetalis

Rh Incompatibility… Erythroblastosis fetalis. Infant may be anemic, brain damaged, or die

Blood Types AB+ AB- rarest type in U.S. A+ A- B+ B- O+ most common in U.S. O- Which is considered the universal donor? Which is considered the universal recipient?

AAAOBBBOABOO AA AA OR AO ABAB OR AO AA OR AB AO AA OR AO AA OR AO OR OO AB OR BO AB OR AO OR BO OR OO AA OR AB OR AO OR BO AO OR OO BB ABAB OR BO BBBB OR BO AB OR BB BO AB OR AO AB OR AO OR BO OR OO BB OR BO BB OR BO OR OO AB OR AO OR BB OR BO BO OR OO AB AA OR AB AA OR AO OR AB OR BO AB OR BB AB OR AO OR AO OR BO AA OR AB OR BB AO OR BO OO AOAO OR OO BOBO OR OO AO OR BO OO

Rh factor probability

Blood type Probability 1. Father is Blood type A-, mother O+. Is O+ a possible blood type for child? 2.Mother is blood type AB-, Father is O+. Is B- a possible blood type for this child? 3.Mother is AB+, father is B+. Is A+ a possible blood type for this child? Which of the above could cause future complications for births? Explain your answer.

Blood Disorders

Sickle-Cell Anemia Hereditary Affects mostly African- Americans, Middle- Easterners 2 genes causes the red blood cells to be sickle shaped and not round Produce abnormal hemoglobin Cells clump together Organs can’t get oxygen they need

Polycythemia Abnormally high red blood cells One symptom is generalized itching when in warm water (due to histamines) Untreated this can lead to heart attack or stroke

Anemia Abnormally low RBC count One of the most common blood disorders Can cause fatigue and stress to body organs Low iron, usually

Leukemia Cancer that starts in blood forming tissue and causes large numbers of white blood cells to be produced and released into the bloodstream– immature and not functioning properly 22,000 deaths a year from leukemia

Normal Human Blood

Bovine Blood

Camel Blood

Cat Blood

Bird Blood

Limulus blood

Reptile blood

Frog Blood