Kingdom Fungi Today we will learn how to identify a “Fun Guy”

Lesson Objectives  Learning Goals  Minds ON  Homework Questions – Questions?  Yesterday’s Recap  Fungi lesson  Fungi lab

Learning Goals We are / will be learning to… Analyze the risks and benefits of human intervention (e.g. pesticide use, fish stocking, tree planting, antibiotic use and creation etc.) Analyze how climate change could impact the diversity of living things (e.g. Global warming, increase in precipitation) Become familiar with terms such as: species diversity, structural diversity, bacteria, fungi, binomial nomenclature, morphology Classify, apply, and draw dichotomous keys to identify and classify organisms according to kingdom Explain concepts of taxonomic rank such as genus, species and taxon Compare/contrast characteristics of prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses Compare/contrast anatomical and physiological characteristics of organisms representative of each kingdom Explain structural and functional changes of organisms as they have evolved over time Explain why biodiversity is important for maintaining viable ecosystems

Minds ON Name that picture Source: Hype Much

Minds ON Name that picture Source: LiveScience

Minds ON Name that picture Source: National Geographic

Minds ON Name that picture Source: The Blog is Mine

Minds ON Name that picture Source: The Blog is Mine

Homework Questions  Protista sheet…..any questions?

Yesterday’s Recap Kingdom Protista:  Difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes  Characteristics  Types: Plant Like, Animal Like, Fungi Like  Malaria

Kingdom Fungi - Characteristics  Cell Type: Eukaryotic: nucleus is enclosed in a membrane and organelles  Cell Number: Multicellular  Habitat: Terrestrial -  Nutrition: Heterotrophs  Saprobes:  Saprobes: Organisms that obtain their nourishment from dead or decaying matter  Reproduction: Sexual (gamete transfer through spores) or asexual (fragmentation and budding)  species known

Characteristics Continued…  Hyphae: (hypha) thread-like filaments that make up the body of most fungi. Most contain cell walls made of chitin, not cellulose.  Mycelium: tangled mass of filaments formed by the hyphae of a fungus.  These structures allow fungi to absorb nutrients.  Some hyphae are used for reproduction (spores)

Fungi Reproduction  Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually  Sexual reproduction occurs through the formation of spores  Spores are single reproductive cells that have a haploid number chromosomes (# of chromosomes in a cell that contain a single set of chromosomes)  Fungi are divided into separate phyla (divisions) based on spore structure  Types of spore structure: Sporangium (case-like structure), ascus (sac-like structure), and basidium (club-like structure).  Asexual reproduction can occur through fragmentation (hyphae break off and grow into other individuals) or budding (when an outgrowth grows off a parent organism, matures and break of into new individuals)

Case-Like Fungi (Division Zygomycota)  Terrestrial saprobes  An example is bread mould (Rhizopus)  Contains several types of hyphae  Stolons: thread-like hyphae that extend over food  Rhizoids: “roots” that extend into food source, absorbing sugars and water  Sporangia: grow at tips of reproductive hyphae; when they break open spores are carried to germinate and grow on another food source in ideal conditions. dormant  Rhizopus can produce two genetically different types of hyphae, creating a dormant zygospore. How might this be useful?

Sac-Like Fungi (Division Ascomycota)  Sac structure used in reproduction  Examples are mildews, some moulds and some yeasts  Two types of spores produced  Ascospores: result of sexual reproduction; produced in ascus (sac)  Conidia: result of asexual reproduction; formed in chains at the tips of reproductive hyphae.  Yeasts are unicellular; reproduce through budding or sexually through ascospores  Yeast can ferment in anaerobic conditions, in which yeast cells break down sugar molecules and release alcohol and carbon dioxide as a by-product. Yeast budding Conidia

Club-Like Fungi (Division Basidiomycota)  Some are saprobes and others are parasites  Examples include mushrooms, puffballs and rusts fruiting bodies  Mycelium mass of hyphae form knobs that absorb water underground. Once they push through the ground, they become fruiting bodies that produce spores.  Caps  Caps form and have a characteristic shape basidia  Caps contain gills (thin sheets underneath) bearing thousands of reproductive cells called basidia, which contain haploid spores.  When two complimentary spores fuse, the fruiting body (reproductive structure) forms and a new mushroom grows.

Penicillin  Scottish bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming (1928) observed that the green mould that grows on fruit Penicillium inhibited the growth of the bacteria known as Staphylococcus. In time, he developed Penicillin, the first antibiotic.

Mushroom Dissection Lab  We will be dissecting a piece of mushroom to observe the structures within it.  This will be an informal lab due Monday, February 24th. This includes all the questions and diagrams.  (NOTE: Bacteria Lab due Friday, February 21 st, quiz is Thursday, February 20 th and Parasite Project due Wednesday, February 26 th and final test Friday, February 28th).

Using a Microscope

Using a Microscope Focusing Specimens 1. Always start with the scanning objective. Odds are, you will be able to see something on this setting. Use the Coarse Knob to focus, image may be small at this magnification, but you won't be able to find it on the higher powers without this first step. Do not use stage clips, try moving the slide around until you find something. 2. Once you've focused on Scanning, switch to Low Power. Use the Coarse Knob to refocus. Again, if you haven't focused on this level, you will not be able to move to the next level. 3. Now switch to High Power. (If you have a thick slide, or a slide without a cover, do NOT use the high power objective). At this point, ONLY use the Fine Adjustment Knob to focus specimens. 4. If the specimen is too light or too dark, try adjusting the diaphragm. 5. If you see a line in your viewing field, try twisting the eyepiece, the line should move. That's because its a pointer, and is useful for pointing out things to your lab partner or teacher. Source:

Using Microscopes Continued… Drawing Specimens 1. Use pencil - you can erase and shade areas 2. All drawings should include clear and proper labels (and be large enough to view details). Drawings should be labeled with the specimen name and magnification. 3. Labels should be written on the outside of the circle. The circle indicates the viewing field as seen through the eyepiece, specimens should be drawn to scale - i.e. your specimen takes up the whole viewing field, make sure your drawing reflects that.

Using Microscopes Continued… Making a Wet Mount 1. Gather a thin slice/piece of whatever your specimen is. If your specimen is too thick, then the coverslip will wobble on top of the sample like a see-saw, and you will not be able to view it under High Power. 2. Place ONE drop of water directly over the specimen. If you put too much water, then the coverslip will float on top of the water, making it hard to draw the specimen, because they might actually float away. (Plus too much water is messy) 3. Place the coverslip at a 45 degree angle (approximately) with one edge touching the water drop and then gently let go. Performed correctly the coverslip will perfectly fall over the specimen.