Housekeeping Seminars Seminars Discussion Boards Discussion Boards Quizzes Quizzes Written Assignments – lots of them! Written Assignments – lots of them! No Late Assignments without permission No Late Assignments without permission Need 600 points to pass Need 600 points to pass Unit 3 Essay Unit 3 Essay

Chapter 1 The History of Crime and Corrections The History of Crime and Corrections

Defining Corrections and its Mission Define: Define: Penology v. Corrections Penology v. Corrections Mission: Mission: To Protect Society To Protect Society Control Control rehabilitation rehabilitation Incapacitation Incapacitation

Where does Corrections fit in the system? Local, State, Federal Local, State, Federal three government levels of Corrections three government levels of Corrections Police, Courts, Corrections Police, Courts, Corrections Once sentenced under the Penal Code, Corrections carries out the sentence. Once sentenced under the Penal Code, Corrections carries out the sentence.

Corrections Policy What do we expect corrections to do? What do we expect corrections to do? PUNISH/PREVENT/REDUCE PUNISH/PREVENT/REDUCE Punish criminals Prevent Crime by deterrence/incapacitation Reduce future crime through rehab/treatment

Correctional Funnel Crime Arrestees Arrestees Convicted Convicted Prison Term Prison Term

Why Study this? Job Opportunities Types? Local and Federal Levels

Theories Three Schools on why and how to fix : 1. Classical School 1. Classical School 2. Positive School 2. Positive School 3. Neoclassical School 3. Neoclassical School

Classical School Cesare Beccaria – Italian Theorist Cesare Beccaria – Italian Theorist 1764 book An Essay On Crimes And Punishments 1764 book An Essay On Crimes And Punishments Jeremy Bentham ( ) Jeremy Bentham ( ) Hedonistic Calculus Hedonistic Calculus

Positive School Cesare Lombroso ( ) Cesare Lombroso ( ) Italian Physician Italian Physician Believed there were links between criminality and physical traits Believed there were links between criminality and physical traits Atavism Atavism

Neoclassical School Gabriel Tarde Gabriel Tarde Criminality results from a combination of free will and factors such as gender, age, social and financial environments. Everyone is still the “author” of their actions. Criminality results from a combination of free will and factors such as gender, age, social and financial environments. Everyone is still the “author” of their actions. Introduction of Aggravation and Mitigation Introduction of Aggravation and Mitigation

17 th and 18 th Centuries Corporal Punishment –branding, amputation, stocks, pillories, dunking stool, branks. Corporal Punishment –branding, amputation, stocks, pillories, dunking stool, branks. Transportation Transportation 1600s and 1700s, jails used, not Prisons. Conditions were terrible. 1600s and 1700s, jails used, not Prisons. Conditions were terrible.

Development of Prisons John Howard – late 1700s England William Penn (Quaker) – early 1700s Dr. Benjamin Rush – Philadelphia Society

Walnut Street Jail Segregation Segregation Silence Silence Reading the Bible Reading the Bible Work in solitary Work in solitary Inmates did “penance” so they would repent. penitentiary Inmates did “penance” so they would repent. penitentiary

Development The Pennsylvania System Eastern Penitentiary Western Penitentiary Separate and Silent

The Auburn System Congregate and silent Congregate and silent Hard labor, outside of cells, no inmate interaction Hard labor, outside of cells, no inmate interaction Prisons cheaper to build and operate Prisons cheaper to build and operate Inmates had fewer mental health problems Inmates had fewer mental health problems More goods producing earning revenue More goods producing earning revenue

1800s and 1900s Auburn Auburn 1840 Irish System 1840 Irish System Reformatory Era Reformatory Era

1800s and 1900s continued… 1910 – 1935 Industrial Prison Era: Hawes- Cooper Act 1929; Ashurst-Sumners Act – 1935 Industrial Prison Era: Hawes- Cooper Act 1929; Ashurst-Sumners Act Period of Transition: enforced idleness, overcrowding, no programs. Not a good mix. Cooper v. Pate (1964) Period of Transition: enforced idleness, overcrowding, no programs. Not a good mix. Cooper v. Pate (1964) 14 th Amendment 14 th Amendment

1800s and 1900s continued… Rehabilitative Era…..and the Medical Model….and Reintegration Rehabilitative Era…..and the Medical Model….and Reintegration. 1980s and 1990s – Retributive Era: a return to the Classical School of Criminality. 1980s and 1990s – Retributive Era: a return to the Classical School of Criminality. Inmates have free will and will be punished severely if they choose to commit crime. Inmates have free will and will be punished severely if they choose to commit crime.

SENTENCING GOALS Punishment Punishment Deterrence - specific and general Deterrence - specific and general Incapacitation - and selective incapacitation Incapacitation - and selective incapacitation Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Restitution - the victim’s movement; restorative justice Restitution - the victim’s movement; restorative justice

Review 1. How did the term corrections evolve from the earlier use of the term penology 2. What is the mission of corrections? 3. Describe the correctional funnel. 4. List the principles of the Classical School of criminology. 5. What is Bentham’s hedonistic calculus? 6. List the principles of the Positive School of criminology. 7. Describe the operation of the Walnut Street Jail. 8. Describe the differences in the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems. 9. How did the Irish system contribute to modern correctional operations in the United States? 10. How did abandonment of the “hands-off doctrine” affect prison operations? 11. In what ways does corrections attempt to rehabilitate offenders? 12. How does reintegration differ from rehabilitation? 13. Differentiate between specific and general deterrence. 14. What is selective incapacitation? 15. How has the victims’ rights movement affected correctional policies and operations? 16. Describe restorative justice.

Next Week A look ahead A look ahead Unit 2 begins Wednesday Unit 2 begins Wednesday Look at the Unit 3 written assignment Look at the Unit 3 written assignment Do yourself a favor and don’t fall behind….. Do yourself a favor and don’t fall behind…..